{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:54:22Z","timestamp":1788404062023,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Yaw Opoku Ankomah"},{"name":"Dr. Anthony Z. Y. Ablordey"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> is a ubiquitous enteric protozoan pathogen infecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife worldwide. It is a waterborne pathogen with recognized zoonotic potential and a definite cause of diarrhea and nutritional disorders in institutional and community settings. One challenge facing the world\u2019s supply of clean drinking water is contamination from feces and soil. It has been established that small quantities of oocysts, the infective stage, can cause human disease. Also, their resistance to chlorination and other water treatment procedures has been demonstrated. Kpong, a community in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana, is one of the primary sources of water supply to Accra, the capital city of Ghana. Being able to determine the effectiveness of water treatment processes and identifying sources of contamination of this pathogen in our water bodies is thus of public health importance. The study aimed to conduct molecular epidemiology of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 230 samples, 180 fecal samples from cattle and 50 water samples (tap water and well water) were collected from the following communities: Kpong, Akwernor, Ablotsi, Nuaso, and Atua, all in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality. Samples were screened for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> by microscopy and PCR. The 18S rRNA gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the final product was sequenced. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> from the fecal samples was estimated as 10% (18\/180) by microscopy, while all 50 water samples were negative. However, PCR gave the prevalence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> as 47.8% (86\/180) for fecal samples and 20% (10\/50) for water samples. Based on the 18S rRNA gene, three sequenced samples showed high homology to <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> species. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed this as these sequences clustered with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> sequences from other countries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> was identified as the persistent species in the study communities. This outcome supports the evidence that domesticated animals serve as potential reservoirs of zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis. The persistence of cryptosporidiosis in cattle indicates its presence in the human population. In addition, the presence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> in the wells makes it alarming and necessary to consider a holistic approach such as One Health Strategies to identify and control cases in humans.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T18:59:20Z","timestamp":1677265160000},"page":"e0281216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species in Kpong and its environs, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2100-337X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George T.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick F.","family":"Ayeh-Kumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham K.","family":"Annang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-3514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac","family":"Owusu-Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sena","family":"Niampoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281216.ref001","first-page":"5","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium Sp upstream the water treatment plants in Kpong and Weija, Ghana","volume":"58","author":"GT Mensah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ghana Journal of Science"},{"key":"pone.0281216.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328357e569","article-title":"Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis","volume":"25","author":"D-AT Shirley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0281216.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0281216.ref004","first-page":"636","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium species among domestic animals in rural communities in Northern South Africa","volume":"34","author":"Samie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. 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