{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:42:31Z","timestamp":1787794951317,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy, accounting for 90% of all neuropathies. Its prevalence ranges from 3.8%\u20137.8% in the population. The gold standard for its diagnosis is the neurophysiological study (85% sensitivity and 95% specificity), with the disadvantage of being invasive, complex and expensive, which means an increase in cost and time for the diagnosis of the disease. The main objective of this diagnostic test evaluation study is to investigate the value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of CTS, and among the secondary objectives, to establish the ultrasound parameters that are predictors of CTS in comparison with neurophysiological studies, attempting to standardize a protocol and reference values that determine the presence or absence of CTS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prospective, cross-sectional study. The reference test with which we compared the ultrasound is the neurophysiological test (NPT). Patients will come consecutively from the Neurophysiology Department of the Virgen Macarena Hospital, with clinical suspicion of CTS and fulfilling the inclusion\/exclusion criteria. To calculate the sample size (EPIDAT program) we proposed a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 87% with a confidence level of 95%, requiring 438 patients (264 NPT positive, 174 NPT negative). We followed an ultrasound study protocol that included the ultrasound variables: cross-sectional area at the entrance and exit of the tunnel, range of nerve thinning, wrist-forearm index, flexor retinaculum bulging, power Doppler uptake and the existence of adjacent wrists or masses. We propose a timeline for the study to be performed between 2020 and 2023. Finally, we propose a cost-effectiveness analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ultrasound not only allows to objectify the alterations of the median nerve but also the underlying pathological mechanisms in CTS. A multitude of ultrasound parameters have been described that should be regarded in syndrome\u2019s study, among which we included the cross-sectional area, the range of nerve thinning, the wrist-forearm index, flexor retinaculum bulging, power Doppler uptake and assessment of anatomical alterations. The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in CTS has many advantages for both doctors and the patients, as it is a non-invasive, convenient, and fast tool increasingly accessible to professionals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Trials registry number<\/jats:bold>: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05556278\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT05556278<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T18:25:10Z","timestamp":1699640710000},"page":"e0281221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of ultrasound as diagnostic tool in patients with clinical features suggestive of carpal tunnel syndrome in comparison to nerve conduction studies: Study protocol for a diagnostic testing study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-4087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Paz","family":"Murciano Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aguas-Santas","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"\u00c1lvarez L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281221.ref001","first-page":"6","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"77","author":"S Aroori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ulster Med J"},{"key":"pone.0281221.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196648020-00001","article-title":"The carpal-tunnel syndrome. 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