{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T03:53:53Z","timestamp":1779076433846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present article, fatigue properties (pure and fretting) of magnesium alloys (AM60) under cyclic bending loading were compared. For this objective, a rotary fatigue testing device was utilized with a fretting module on standard cylindrical samples under bending loads with zero means stress. The fretting fatigue condition decreased fatigue lifetime compared with pure fatigue but in an amazing Epsilon-shaped trend. Comparatively speaking to the state of pure fatigue, the fatigue lifetime of the fretting fatigue condition reduced by 91.0% and 44.8%, respectively, between the lowest level of stress (80 MPa) and the greatest level of stress (120 MPa). To study the fracture behavior and the fractography analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was utilized. In general, since both quasi-cleavage and cleavage were seen; therefore, the fracture behavior for all samples was brittle. In both test conditions (fretting fatigue and pure fatigue), at higher stress levels, the average crack length was higher than at low-stress levels. In addition, the number of cracks (in high- and low-stress levels) was observed to be less in fretting fatigue conditions than in pure fatigue conditions, but the average crack length in fretting fatigue conditions in high-stress levels and low-stress levels was 212.82% and 259.47% higher than the average crack length under the pure fatigue condition, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1675794484000},"page":"e0281263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Amazing epsilon-shaped trend for fretting fatigue characteristics in AM60 magnesium alloy under stress-controlled cyclic conditions at bending loads with zero mean stress"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saeid","family":"Rezanezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-8705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281263.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2019.105213","article-title":"A fracture mechanics based approach for the fretting fatigue of aircraft engine fan dovetail attachments","volume":"129","author":"D. Mangardich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281263.ref002","first-page":"157","article-title":"Comparing bending fatigue and fretting fatigue properties in aluminum-silicon alloy under working conditions of engine piston-ring system","volume":"11","author":"M. S. A. Parast","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Solid Fluid Mech"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref003","volume-title":"Comprehensive structural integrity: Cyclic loading and fatigue","author":"I. Milne","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref004","unstructured":"Pistons and engine testing. Springer, 2016."},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2018.08.028","article-title":"Predicting fretting fatigue in engineering design","volume":"117","author":"S. L. Sunde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0281263.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.03.008","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of the effects of porosity on fatigue crack initiation of HPDC magnesium AM60B alloy","volume":"470","author":"Y. Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref007","first-page":"849","article-title":"Scatter Analysis of fatigue life and pore size data of die-cast AM60B Magnesium alloy","volume":"81","author":"S. Mohd","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281263.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/mst.1994.10.1.1","article-title":"Magnesium alloys and applications","volume":"10","author":"I. J. Polmear","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281263.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1179\/026708410X12736782825894","article-title":"Magnesium and surface engineering","volume":"26","author":"S. Shrestha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Eng"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2021.12.014","article-title":"Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis for surface-modified AM60 magnesium alloy by pulsed electron beam irradiation","volume":"513","author":"M. Azadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281263.ref011","first-page":"63","article-title":"The effect of pulsed electron beam irradiation on surface characteristics of AM60 magnesium alloy","volume":"1","author":"M. Azadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Appl. Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281263.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1449-1","article-title":"The Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of an AM60 Magnesium Alloy","volume":"44","author":"Z. Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0281263.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-2695.2002.00594.x","article-title":"High cycle fatigue mechanisms in a cast AM60B magnesium alloy","volume":"25","author":"M. F. Horstemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281263.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-1123(03)00079-3","article-title":"In-situ observations of high cycle fatigue mechanisms in cast AM60B magnesium in vacuum and water vapor environments","volume":"26","author":"K. Gall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0281263.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2004.03.015","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanism of a rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy","volume":"26","author":"K. Tokaji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0281263.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2005.01.014","article-title":"Environmentally influenced microstructurally small fatigue crack growth in cast magnesium","volume":"396","author":"K. Gall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"pone.0281263.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-2695.2002.00571.x","article-title":"Influence of atmospheric moisture on slow fatigue crack growth at ultrasonic frequency in aluminium and magnesium alloys","volume":"25","author":"M. Papakyriacou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281263.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12387","article-title":"The effect of contact pad hardness on the fretting fatigue behaviour of AZ61 magnesium alloy","volume":"39","author":"R. Sadeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281263.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-06355-2","article-title":"Corrosion, Corrosion Fatigue, and Protection of Magnesium Alloys: Mechanisms, Measurements, and Mitigation","volume":"31","author":"T. O. Olugbade","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2022.05.055","article-title":"Size effect in fatigue life of Mg alloy","volume":"41","author":"L. D. P\u00eervulescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)01105-4","article-title":"Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ91","volume":"319","author":"G. Eisenmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281263.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2010.01.052","article-title":"Effect of strain amplitude on tension\u2013compression fatigue behavior of extruded Mg6Al1ZnA magnesium alloy","volume":"62","author":"Q. Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scr. Mater"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281263.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1114-8","article-title":"Low-cycle fatigue behavior of die-cast Mg alloys AZ91 and AM60","volume":"43","author":"L. H. Rettberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0281263.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.01.091","article-title":"Influence of Mn content on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of extruded Mg alloys","volume":"420","author":"S. A. Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"pone.0281263.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2008.02.012","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded magnesium alloy AZ61 under three different corrosive environments","volume":"30","author":"M. S. Bhuiyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281263.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2009.04.021","article-title":"Effects of humidity and contact material on fretting fatigue behavior of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy","volume":"42","author":"A. Saengsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tribol. Int"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-019-00498-7","article-title":"Influence of heat treatment on high-cycle fatigue and fracture behaviors of piston aluminum alloy under fully-reversed cyclic bending","volume":"27","author":"S. Rezanezhad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metals Mater. Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281263.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13479","article-title":"Effect of plasma nitriding on high-cycle fatigue properties and fracture behaviors of GJS700 nodular cast iron under cyclic bending loading","volume":"44","author":"M. S. A. Parast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4030062","article-title":"Effect of Heat-Treating on Microstructure and High Cycle Bending Fatigue Behavior of AZ91 and AZE911 Magnesium Alloys","volume":"2022","author":"A. Y. P. Oliya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281263.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)05013-7","article-title":"Electrochemical investigation of the galvanic corrosion of AM60 and AD62 magnesium alloy in 0.1 M NaCl solution","volume":"10","author":"M. E. Ikpi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"pone.0281263.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2009.11.043","article-title":"Effect of Ca additions on the microstructure, thermal stability and mechanical properties of a cast AM60 magnesium alloy","volume":"527","author":"B. Kondori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2012.01.005","article-title":"Scatter analysis of fatigue life and pore size data of die-cast AM60B magnesium alloy","volume":"22","author":"S. Mohd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2013.12.018","article-title":"On the damage mechanisms of bending fretting fatigue","volume":"76","author":"J. F. Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tribol. Int"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-06658-y","article-title":"Effect of nano-clay particles and heat treating on pure and fretting fatigue properties of piston aluminum alloy under stress-controlled cyclic bending loading","volume":"31","author":"M. S. A. Parast","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.04.008","article-title":"Effect of contact pressure on torsional fretting fatigue damage evolution of a 7075 aluminum alloy","volume":"137","author":"J. Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tribol. Int"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2012.06.016","article-title":"Study on bending fretting fatigue damages of 7075 aluminum alloy","volume":"59","author":"J. Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tribol. Int"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2016.11.032","article-title":"Very high cycle fatigue behaviors of a turbine engine blade alloy at various stress ratios","volume":"99","author":"K. Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2016.05.033","article-title":"The effects of heat treatment on very high cycle fatigue behavior in hot-rolled WE43 magnesium","volume":"93","author":"J. F. Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103573","article-title":"Effects of tensile overload on fatigue crack growth in AM60 magnesium alloys","volume":"122","author":"S. Abbaszadeh Hashemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2018.02.008","article-title":"Study on the damage evolution of torsional fretting fatigue in a 7075 aluminum alloy","volume":"402","author":"J. Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wear"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281263.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.03.080","article-title":"High cycle fatigue behaviour of magnesium alloys","volume":"2","author":"L. Nascimento","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281263.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2008.10.032","article-title":"High cyclic fatigue characteristics of gravity cast AZ91 magnesium alloy subjected to transverse load","volume":"30","author":"G. Murugan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0281263.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.10.003","article-title":"Influence of elevated temperatures on the cyclic deformation behaviour of the magnesium die-cast alloys AZ91D and MRI 230D","volume":"486","author":"B. Ebel-Wolf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0281263.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2004.04.005","article-title":"Characterization of the fatigue behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ91D by means of mechanical hysteresis and temperature measurements","volume":"26","author":"B. Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"pone.0281263.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.09.067","article-title":"Improvement of high temperature fatigue lifetime in AZ91 magnesium alloy by heat treatment","volume":"588","author":"M. Mokhtarishirazabad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T11:28:27Z","timestamp":1701862107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281263"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Khalil Abdelrazek","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}