{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:57:29Z","timestamp":1773190649429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence suggests that snakes can hear, but how snakes naturally respond to sound is still unclear. We conducted 304 controlled experiment trials on 19 snakes across five genera in a sound-proof room (4.9 x 4.9 m) at 27\u00baC, observing the effects of three sounds on individual snake behavior, compared to controls. We quantified eight snake behaviors (body movement, body freezing, head-flicks, tongue-flicks, hissing, periscoping, head fixation, lower jaw drop) in response to three sounds, which were filtered pink-noise within the following frequency ranges: 0\u2013150Hz (sound 1, which produced ground vibrations, as measured by an accelerometer), 150\u2013300Hz (sound 2, which did not produced ground vibrations), 300\u2013450Hz (sound 3, which did not produced ground vibrations). All snake responses were strongly genus dependent. Only one genus (<jats:italic>Aspidites<\/jats:italic>, Woma Pythons) significantly increased their probability of movement in response to sound, but three other genera (<jats:italic>Acanthophis<\/jats:italic>(Death Adders),<jats:italic>Oxyuranus<\/jats:italic>(Taipans), and<jats:italic>Pseudonaja<\/jats:italic>(Brown Snakes)) were more likely to move away from sound, signaling potential avoidance behavior. Taipans significantly increased their likelihood of displaying defensive and cautious behaviors in response to sound, but three of the five genera exhibited significantly different types of behaviors in sound trials compared to the control. Our results highlight potential heritable behavioral responses of snakes to sound, clustered within genera. Our study illustrates the behavioral variability among different snake genera, and across sound frequencies, which contributes to our limited understanding of hearing and behavior in snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T18:25:41Z","timestamp":1676399141000},"page":"e0281285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sound garden: How snakes respond to airborne and groundborne sounds"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-500X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Zdenek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Staples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9435-9027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-3192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lachlan N.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Candusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281285.ref001","first-page":"39","article-title":"A review of sound production and hearing in snakes, with a discussion of intraspecific acoustic communication in snakes","volume":"71","author":"BA Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pa Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281285.ref002","first-page":"77","article-title":"The problem of hearing in snakes","volume":"1","author":"EG Wever","year":"1960","journal-title":"J ofAuditory Res"},{"key":"pone.0281285.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.048701","article-title":"Auditory localization of ground-borne vibrations in snakes","volume":"100","author":"P Friedel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"pone.0281285.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.062539","article-title":"Hearing with an atympanic ear: Good vibration and poor sound-pressure detection in the royal python, Python regius","volume":"215","author":"CB Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0281285.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.54.2.349","article-title":"Physiological basis for detection of sound and vibration in snakes","volume":"54","author":"PH Hartline","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0281285.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0809","article-title":"Antipredator behaviour of hatchling snakes: Effects of incubation temperature and simulated predators","volume":"56","author":"J. 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