{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:07:18Z","timestamp":1784621238418,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004413","name":"International Foundation for Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B\/6080-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B\/6080-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is responsible for some foodborne disease cases worldwide. It is mainly transmitted to humans through foods of animal origin through the consumption of poultry products. The increased international trade and the ease of transboundary movement could propel outbreaks of local origin to translate into severe global threats. The present study aimed to characterize <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars isolated from poultry farms in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples (faecal, water and feed) were collected from ten poultry farms between January and August 2020 and analyzed for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> characterization using standard bacteriological and molecular methods. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars identified include: <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 17 (39.5%)], <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 13 (30.2%)] and other <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 13 (30.2%)]. All <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars were cefotaxime and ampicillin resistant. The presence of the <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic> gene ranged from 9(69.2%) to 15(88.2%). The <jats:italic>spvC<\/jats:italic> gene ranged from 2(14.4%) to 10(58.8%). All <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars had <jats:italic>sdiA<\/jats:italic> gene. The <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates produced some extracellular virulence factors (such as protease, lipase, \u03b2-hemolytic activity, and gelatinase), while 13(30.2%) of the overall isolates formed strong biofilms. In conclusion, the detection of multiple antibiotic-resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars in faecal sources, which also exhibited virulence determinants, constituted a public health risk as these faecal samples have the potential as manure in the growing of crops. These pathogens can be transmitted to humans nearby and through poultry products, resulting in difficult-to-treat infections and economic loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T18:26:30Z","timestamp":1675448790000},"page":"e0281329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Identification and characterization of MDR virulent Salmonella spp isolated from smallholder poultry production environment in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Isoken H.","family":"Igbinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwunonso N.","family":"Amolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeni","family":"Beshiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olajide","family":"Akinnibosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-0405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abraham G.","family":"Ogofure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"El-Ashker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayada","family":"Gwida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-085X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony I.","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-2145","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Etinosa O.","family":"Igbinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref001","first-page":"541","article-title":"Salmonella contamination: A significant challenge to the global marketing of animal food products","volume":"25","author":"LF Plym","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref002","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Salmonella- A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen","author":"ENC Tessari","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.04.006","article-title":"Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: A review","volume":"4","author":"N Heredia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-139","article-title":"Salmonella and Escherichia coli contamination of poultry meat from a processing plant and retail markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.","volume":"3","author":"GT Adeyanju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0281329.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.04.031","article-title":"Epidemiology and interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby, Infantis and Typhimurium with porcine, alveolar macrophages","volume":"146","author":"J Volf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/peu060","article-title":"The characterization of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from the scalder tank water of a commercial poultry processing plant: Recovery of a multi-drug resistant Heidelberg strain","volume":"94","author":"MJ Rothrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.004","article-title":"Salmonellosis: the role of poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"P Antunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref008","first-page":"180","article-title":"Prevalence of salmonellosis among food handlers and the health implications on the food consumers in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"JO Ogah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microb. Diagn"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1667","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v86i1.1667","article-title":"Salmonellosis: Serotypes, prevalence and multi-drug resistant profiles of Salmonella enterica in selected poultry farms, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria","volume":"86","author":"AO Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"The European summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2009","volume":"9","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA-ECDC)","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.10.014","article-title":"Evolving public health approaches to the global challenge of foodborne infections","volume":"139","author":"RV Tauxe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.22366\/ast.2016.01.002","article-title":"An investigation on antibiogram characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from piggery farms in Benin City, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref013","first-page":"047","article-title":"A survey of antimicrobial agent\u2019s usage in poultry farms and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and staphylococci isolates from the poultry in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"J Awogbemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281329.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7100167","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in the food supply and the potential role of antibiotic alternatives for control","volume":"7","author":"VTD Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref015","first-page":"681","article-title":"The use of two live attenuated vaccines to immunize egg-laying hens against Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4. Av","volume":"20","author":"PA Barrow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070973","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from Smallholder Poultry Droppings in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"O. Bamidele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02938-2","article-title":"Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"AH Jibril","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref018","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in smallholder poultry production in Nigeria","author":"O Bamidele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09342","article-title":"Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"JM Chah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref020","volume-title":"Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine.","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1086\/422726","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes: A global challenge","volume":"39","author":"LH Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101234","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Salmonella spp. from food and food contact surfaces in a chicken processing factory","volume":"100","author":"M Ashrafudoulla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poul. Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.114049","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterisation of Salmonella enterica from retail poultry meats in Benin City, Nigeria","volume":"169","author":"EO Igbinosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070785","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiling of biofilm forming non typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and its associated food products from Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"A Siddique","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01613","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene elements of Salmonella serovars from ready-to-eat shrimps","volume":"10","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.015","article-title":"Characterization of extracellular virulence properties and biofilm-formation capacity of Vibrio species recovered from ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimps","volume":"119","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281329.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46375-0","article-title":"Invasive multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa: Zoonotic or anthroponotic transmission?","volume":"55","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00266.x","article-title":"PCR detection of Salmonella spp. using primers targeting the quorum sensing gene sdiA","volume":"259","author":"K Halatsi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Let"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref029","first-page":"115","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella infection in intensive poultry farms in Hawassa and isolation of Salmonella species from sick and dead chickens","volume":"14","author":"K Aragaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281329.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken eggs collected from poultry farms and marketing channels and their antimicrobial resistance","volume":"43","author":"S Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref031","first-page":"177","article-title":"Committees to revise the guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching, 3rd edition","author":"H Patricia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Dairy Sci Assoc, Am Soc Ani Sci, Poul Sci Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref032","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 5","author":"WH Andrews","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref033","volume-title":"Manual for the Laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance in the Developing World","author":"MJ Perilla","year":"2003"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.9.2260","article-title":"A simple and rapid method for preparation of Gram-negative bacterial genomic DNA","volume":"21","author":"WP Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nuc Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref035","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics","author":"DJ Lane","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00559.x","article-title":"Identification by a multiplex PCR-based assay of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis strains from environmental swabs of poultry houses","volume":"29","author":"C Soumet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref037","first-page":"30","volume-title":"CLSI supplement M100 (28th Ed.)","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110042","article-title":"Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus from ready-to-eat seafood (RTES)","volume":"135","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci Tech"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281329.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02133.x","article-title":"Serotyping, PCR, phage-typing and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella serovars isolated from urban drinking water supply systems of Nepal","volume":"44","author":"DR Bhatta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Let Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204345","article-title":"Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps","volume":"13","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0357","article-title":"Identification and characterization of Salmonella serovars isolated from Pig farms in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria: One health perspective","volume":"27","author":"IH Igbinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Drug Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0680-8","article-title":"Prevalence and detection of antibiotic-resistant determinant in Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals","volume":"47","author":"IH Igbinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop An Health Prod"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4314\/ijs.v22i3.4","article-title":"Diversity, antimicrobial characterization and biofilm formation of Enterococci isolated from aquaculture and slaughterhouse sources in Benin City, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"EO Igbinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ife J Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref044","first-page":"227","article-title":"The microbial burden load of eggshells from different poultry rearing systems in Ekosodin Village, Edo State, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"FE Oviasogie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Environ Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v83i1.1067","article-title":"Prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical isolates from South Africa and Brazil","volume":"83","author":"OT Zishiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281329.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev137","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial layer farms in Korea","volume":"94","author":"MC Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poul Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0157-1","article-title":"Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"H El-Sharkawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040970","article-title":"(2021). Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from broiler farms at the Tolima Region\u2014Colombia","volume":"11","author":"R Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091160","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. isolates from poultry farms in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"AY Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew150","article-title":"Prevalence, molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars isolated from northwestern Spanish broiler flocks (2011\u20132015)","volume":"95","author":"A Lamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0281329.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.11.2576","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental farm samples","volume":"69","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238190","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"AH Jibril","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521146","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.521146","article-title":"Prevalence, distribution, and diversity of Salmonella strains isolated from a subtropical lake","volume":"11","author":"O D\u00edaz-Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1007.07027","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from pigs and their farm environments in Korea","volume":"21","author":"S Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref055","first-page":"e01362","article-title":"Occurrence of extended spectrum beta\u2013lactamases and sul 1 in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from poultry feeds","volume":"18","author":"OS Egbule","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281329.ref056","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chicken Flocks and their Feed and Water in Karbala, Iraq","volume":"48","author":"TO Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind J Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02504-2","article-title":"Isolation, molecular detection and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella from raw cow milk collected from dairy farms and households in southern Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"A Gebeyehu","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281329.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4314\/ijs.v19i2.19","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella species isolated from abattoir environment","volume":"19","author":"EO Igbinosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ife J Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.006","article-title":"Prevalence, biosecurity factor, and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Salmonella species isolated from commercial duck farms in Korea","volume":"100","author":"T Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poul Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02653","article-title":"Prevalence, serotyping, molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from conventional and organic retail ground poultry","volume":"9","author":"AH Gad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref061","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from poultry sources in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"KA Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Poul Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9941-y","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from slaughtered cattle in Bahir, Dar, Ethiopia","volume":"44","author":"S Alemu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Ani Health Prod"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0281329.ref063","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from food-producing animals: A public health implication","volume":"3","author":"EO Igbinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0079-7","article-title":"Salmonellosis and the gastrointestinal tract: more than just peanut butter","volume":"10","author":"NF Crum-Cianflone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00429.x","article-title":"Genetic analysis of multiple antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from diseased broilers in Egypt","volume":"56","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2021.100195","article-title":"Antimicrobial tolerance, biofilm formation, and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates from poultry processing equipment","volume":"30","author":"T. Obe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281329.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2021.1926056","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from poultry in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"S Kakooza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.1020-1027","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains isolated from healthy poultry farms in the districts of Abidjan and Agnibil\u00e9krou (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire)","volume":"14","author":"MA Assoumy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref069","article-title":"Monitoring of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Farms from 2014 to 2018","author":"EA Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281329.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a027029","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","article-title":"Aminoglycosides: An overview","volume":"6","author":"KM Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0266059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266059","article-title":"Processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Yenagoa Nigeria were colonized by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli which constitute a probable hazard to human health","volume":"17","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug resistant extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interior standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01300","article-title":"Characterization of integrons and resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from farm animals in Shandong Province, China","volume":"8","author":"X Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281329.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/427263","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella is associated with excess bloodstream infection and hospitalizations","volume":"191","author":"JK Varma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1234","article-title":"Mechanism of and barriers to horizontal gene transfer between bacteria","volume":"3","author":"CM Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281329.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.07.004","article-title":"Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"12","author":"AA Salyers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281329.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.5.945","article-title":"Interlaboratory validation of a real-time PCR 24-hour rapid method for detection of Salmonella in food","volume":"72","author":"CM Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01100","article-title":"Relationship between quorum sensing and secretion systems","volume":"10","author":"RT Pena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01160","article-title":"Role of the Mycobacterium marinum ESX-1 secretion system in sliding motility and biofilm formation","volume":"9","author":"LY Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0281329.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011033108","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm shows persistent resistance to liquid wetting and gas penetration","volume":"108","author":"A. K. Epstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281329.ref081","first-page":"DC09","article-title":"Study of biofilm in bacteria from water pipelines","volume":"9","author":"A Mahapatra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T18:27:44Z","timestamp":1675448864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281329"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mabel Kamweli","family":"Aworh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}