{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:04:07Z","timestamp":1792670647942,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-MD015932-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-MD015932-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-ES029950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-ES029950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rising temperatures and heatwaves increase mortality. Many of the subpopulations most vulnerable to heat-related mortality are in prisons, facilities that may exacerbate temperature exposures. Yet, there is scare literature on the impacts of heat among incarcerated populations. We analyzed data on mortality in U.S. state and private prisons from 2001\u20132019 linked to daily maximum temperature data for the months of June, July, and August. Using a case-crossover approach and distributed lag models, we estimated the association of increasing temperatures with total mortality, heart disease-related mortality, and suicides. We also examined the association with extreme heat and heatwaves (days above the 90th percentile for the prison location) and assessed effect modification by personal, facility, and regional characteristics. There were 12,836 deaths during summer months. The majority were male (96%) and housed in a state-operated prison (97%). A 10\u00b0F increase was associated with a 5.2% (95% CI: 1.5%, 9.0%) increase in total mortality and a 6.7% (95% CI: -0.6%, 14.0%) increase in heart disease mortality. The association between temperature and suicides was delayed, peaking around lag 3 (exposure at three days prior death). Two- and three-day heatwaves were associated with increased total mortality of 5.5% (95% CI: 0.3%, 10.9%) and 7.4% (95% CI: 1.6%, 13.5%), respectively. The cumulative effect (lags 1\u20133) of an extreme heat day was associated with a 22.8% (95% CI: 3.3%, 46.0%) increase in suicides. We found the greatest increase in mortality among people \u2265 65 years old, incarcerated less than one year, held in the Northeast region, and in urban or rural counties. These findings suggest that warm temperatures are associated with increased mortality in prisons, yet this vulnerable population\u2019s risk has largely been overlooked.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T13:24:22Z","timestamp":1677677062000},"page":"e0281389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Heat-related mortality in U.S. state and private prisons: A case-crossover analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-2256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julianne","family":"Skarha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Spangler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah D.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281389.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081050","article-title":"Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases","volume":"182","author":"GP Kenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.06.008","article-title":"Associations between high ambient temperatures and heat waves with mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"161","author":"R Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl063","article-title":"Heat Wave in France: Risk Factors for Death of Elderly People Living at Home.","volume":"16","author":"S Vandentorren","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti043","article-title":"Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: the role of air conditioning prevalence","volume":"82","author":"MS O\u2019Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-14-3","article-title":"Temperature, ozone, and mortality in urban and non-urban counties in the northeastern United States","volume":"14","author":"J Madrigano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref006","article-title":"Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners","author":"LM Maruschak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bureau of Justice Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref007","article-title":"Medical Problems of State and Federal Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011\u201312","volume":"23","author":"LM Maruschak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bureau of Justice Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref008","author":"BJ Anno","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref009","first-page":"400","article-title":"Prisoners in 2017.","volume":"500","author":"J Bronson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"pone.0281389.ref010","article-title":"The federal prison population buildup: Options for congress","author":"N. 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