{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:56:41Z","timestamp":1769583401957,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tramadol produces a significant reduction in both sevoflurane and isoflurane minimum alveolar concentrations in dogs under experimental conditions. This study aims to compare the effects of tramadol administered as a constant rate infusion (CRI) with those of tramadol administered as a single intravenous bolus on physiological parameters and isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, forty female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were enrolled. The bitches were anesthetized with 5 mg\/kg of tiletamine\/zolazepam combined with 0.05 mg\/kg of acepromazine intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered in 100% oxygen. The group A (n = 20) received tramadol 4 mg\/kg in a single intravenous bolus, whereas the group B (n = 20) received tramadol 1.5 mg\/kg in an intravenous bolus followed by tramadol 2.6 mg\/kg\/h as a CRI. The following parameters were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, non-invasive blood pressure, body temperature, EtCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and inspired and expired concentrations of isoflurane. Parameter measurements were performed from pre-preedication (baseline) to skin suturing.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The dogs were healthy subjects that demonstrated no abnormalities on laboratory investigations. Significant tachycardia was recorded after administration of tiletamine\/zolazepam combined with acepromazine in both groups. Heart rate decreased after intubation but remained significantly higher compared to baseline values in both groups. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in both groups but the recorded values were within the physiological range. Mild reduction in body temperature was recorded in both groups. SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and EtCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> remained within the physiological range. Isoflurane requirement was significantly lower in the group B compared to the group A. Transient twitching was recorded in two dogs belonging to the group A after tramadol administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared to tramadol given as a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs, tramadol administered as a CRI reduces isoflurane requirements in dogs anesthetized with tiletamine\/zolazepam combined with acepromazine. Both tramadol given as a CRI and a single intravenous bolus injection, induce decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and in body temperature but the values of these parameters remain within physiological range in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T18:31:47Z","timestamp":1675881107000},"page":"e0281602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect on physiological parameters and anaesthetic dose requirement of isoflurane when tramadol given as a continuous rate infusion vs a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Giovanna L.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-4334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Interlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-6775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabio","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Macr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ferrantelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Macr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281602.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12185","article-title":"Effects 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