{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:50:35Z","timestamp":1782903035725,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1400-1-211-52257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1400-1-211-52257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute appendicitis represents one of the most common causes of emergency abdominal surgery worldwide. Meanwhile, <jats:italic>Enterobius vermicularis<\/jats:italic> has been suggested as one of the probable causes of appendicitis. In this study, the morphological characteristics of the remnant pinworms and pathologic changes were explored in old-archived FFPE tissues of appendectomies. Moreover, we provide the first molecular identification, genetic, and haplotype variation of this nematode from the old-archived FFPE tissue section of appendectomy using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1) gene. Seventeen FFPE appendectomies with <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vermicularis<\/jats:italic> infection, stored over 12\u201322 years, were collected from two different geographical areas of Iran. In the histopathological examination, tissue changes were observed in thirteen cases (76.4%) and inflammation in four blocks (23.5%). After DNA extraction, the <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 gene was amplified in twelve (70.6%) cases using the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analysis and a median-joining network of 78 available <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 sequences of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vermicularis<\/jats:italic> revealed 59 haplotypes. We identified five haplotypes that fell into type B. All Haplotypes are novel except for two haplotypes, Hap32 and Hap37, identical to <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vermicularis<\/jats:italic> sequences from Iran, Greece, and Germany. The ranges of diversity distance and haplotype diversity within the isolates were 0\u20131.9% and HD:0.643\u20130.667, subsequently. Overall, the absence of inflammation or even tissue changes in some sections can suggest the possible non-inflammatory role of <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vermicularis<\/jats:italic> in appendicitis. Although FFPE material suffers from PCR inhibition, we could successfully use nested PCR to characterize <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vermicularis<\/jats:italic> in old-archived appendectomy blocks and suggest this method as a complementary diagnosis technique in pathology. While the predominant type was B in the Middle East and Europe, further studies on a larger sample size from different geographical regions could probably confirm the results obtained in the present study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T18:46:55Z","timestamp":1675968415000},"page":"e0281622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detection of Enterobius vermicularis in archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) appendectomy blocks: It\u2019s potential to compare genetic variations based on mitochondrial DNA (cox1) gene"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Haghshenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Koosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Latifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-5584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elham","family":"Kazemirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Nikmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Mowlavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281622.ref001","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection","volume":"29","author":"S Wendt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"pone.0281622.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2822-3","article-title":"Acute suppurative appendicitis associated with Enterobius vermicularis: an incidental finding or a causative agent? 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