{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1768639498907,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oscillatory synchronization in the theta-frequency band was found to play a causal role in binding information of different modalities in declarative memory. Moreover, there is first evidence from a laboratory study that theta-synchronized (vs. asynchronized) multimodal input in a classical fear conditioning paradigm resulted in better discrimination of a threat-associated stimulus when compared to perceptually similar stimuli never associated with the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). Effects manifested in affective ratings and ratings of contingency knowledge. However, theta-specificity was not addressed so far. Thus, in the present pre-registered web-based fear conditioning study, we compared synchronized (vs. asynchronized) input in a theta-frequency band vs. the same synchronization manipulation in a delta frequency. Based on our previous laboratory design, five visual gratings of different orientations (25\u00b0, 35\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 55\u00b0, 65\u00b0) served as conditioned stimuli (CS) with only one (CS+) paired with the auditory aversive US. Both CS and US were luminance or amplitude modulated, respectively, in a theta (4 Hz) or delta (1.7 Hz) frequency. In both frequencies, CS-US pairings were presented either in-phase (0\u00b0 phase lag) or out-of-phase (90\u00b0, 180\u00b0, 270\u00b0), resulting in four independent groups (each group <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 40). Phase synchronization augmented the discrimination of CSs in CS-US contingency knowledge but did not affect valence and arousal ratings. Interestingly, this effect occurred independent of frequency. In sum, the current study proves the ability to successfully conduct complex generalization fear conditioning in an online setting. Based on this prerequisite, our data supports a causal role of phase synchronization in the declarative CS-US associations for low frequencies rather than in the specific theta-frequency band.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1677868096000},"page":"e0281644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of phase synchronization and frequency specificity in the encoding of conditioned fear\u2013a web-based fear conditioning study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-1811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Plog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-5292","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin I.","family":"Antov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-6481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philipp","family":"Bierwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Stockhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281644.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.04.004","article-title":"Modulating human memory via entrainment of brain oscillations","volume":"42","author":"S Hanslmayr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281644.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2979","article-title":"The role of phase synchronization in memory processes","volume":"12","author":"J Fell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281644.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.013","article-title":"Coherent theta oscillations and reorganization of spike timing in the hippocampal- prefrontal network upon learning","volume":"66","author":"K Benchenane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281644.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4327","article-title":"Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal interactions support context-guided memory","volume":"19","author":"R Place","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281644.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.012","article-title":"Coherent theta-band EEG activity predicts item-context binding during encoding","volume":"24","author":"C Summerfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281644.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(00)00011-2","article-title":"Long-range EEG synchronization during word encoding correlates with successful memory performance","volume":"9","author":"S Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0281644.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.001","article-title":"Theta phase synchronization is the glue that binds human associative memory","volume":"27","author":"A Clouter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0281644.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0349-18.2018","article-title":"Single-trial phase entrainment of theta oscillations in sensory regions predicts human associative memory performance","volume":"38","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0281644.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.155","article-title":"Emotion circuits in the brain","volume":"23","author":"JE LeDoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0281644.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.897","article-title":"Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning","volume":"24","author":"S. 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