{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:17:22Z","timestamp":1772216242798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infections of the central nervous system are a considerable basis of mortality in people living with HIV, with progression to cryptococcal meningitis documented at around 15% of HIV-associated mortality globally, with nearly three-quarters occurring in the sub-Saharan Africa. Discoveries from previous studies prelude to the mortality of cryptococcal antigen positive, which persisted to be elevated than in cryptococcal antigen negative persons. One feasible interpretation of this could be due to undiagnosed cryptococcus. Laboratory investigations identify cryptococcal disease prior to cryptococcal meningitis progression. Point-of-care testing has high sensitivity and specificity as seen with the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay screening to expedite treatment. The aim of the study is to map and translate evidence on cryptococcal antigen infection among HIV-infected persons in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed scoping review will be conducted using guidelines proposed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley methodological framework and Levac et al. advanced method. It will be guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews. A comprehensive literature search of studies published from the first relevant publication to 2022 will be conducted on multiple electronic databases. Additional sources (grey literature) will also be searched. The search strategy will be generated and implemented by the principal investigator with assistance from a subject specialist, and an information specialist. Two reviewers will screen eligible studies. The screening will be guided by an inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mixed methods appraisal tool version 2018 will be used to appraise the quality of the empirical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed scoping review will map and translate evidence on cryptococcal antigen infection among HIV-infected persons in sub-Saharan Africa. Synthesising and sharing recent evidence in this area has potential to help guide future research and interventions aimed at improving the management of cryptococcal antigen infection among HIV-infected persons in sub-Saharan Africa and other high HIV- burdened settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T13:57:49Z","timestamp":1686319069000},"page":"e0281849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mapping evidence on cryptococcal antigen infection among HIV-infected persons in sub-Saharan Africa- A scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Khululiwe","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-9936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boitumelo","family":"Moetlhoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-6238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Astrid","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-4697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kuhlula","family":"Maluleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tivani","family":"Mashamba-Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281849.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281849.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010182","article-title":"An update on Cryptococcus among HIV-infected patients","volume":"21","author":"T Warkentien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0281849.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6","article-title":"The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis","volume":"22","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0281849.ref004","unstructured":"Guidelines for The Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Cryptococcal Disease in HIV-Infected Adults, Adolescents and Children: Supplement to the 2016 Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01238-18","article-title":"Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing","volume":"57","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281849.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281849.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0250195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250195","article-title":"High burden of cryptococcal antigenemia and meningitis among patients presenting at an emergency department in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"16","author":"R Deiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0281849.ref008","unstructured":"World Health O. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children, March 2018: supplement to the 2016 consolidated guidelines of the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 2018."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281849.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy602","article-title":"HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis Occurring at Relatively Higher CD4 Counts","volume":"219","author":"L Tugume","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25416","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25416","article-title":"Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"MW Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"pone.0281849.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1143","article-title":"CD4 Cell Count Threshold for Cryptococcal Antigen Screening of HIV-Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"N Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281849.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ936","article-title":"Cryptococcal Antigen Screening in Patients Initiating ART in South Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"N Longley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref013","article-title":"The prevalence of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) and benefits of pre-emptive antifungal treatment among HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-cell counts &lt; 200 cells\/\u03bcL: evidence based on a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281849.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000348","article-title":"The evolving role of CD4 cell counts in HIV care","volume":"12","author":"N Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref015","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a pediatric patient with HIV after switching to second line antiretroviral therapy: a case report","volume":"20","author":"SBJ Otto","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37478-7","article-title":"Validation of clinic-based cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay screening in HIV-infected adults in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"PK Drain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281849.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12245","article-title":"Evaluation of screening and treatment of cryptococcal antigenaemia among HIV-infected persons in Soweto, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"N Govender","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37478-7","article-title":"Validation of clinic-based cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay screening in HIV-infected adults in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"PK Drain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281849.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.10.011","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans seropositivity and some haematological parameters in HIV seropositive subjects","volume":"13","author":"RC Chukwuanukwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0281849.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pone.0281849.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0281849.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.03.016","article-title":"Reporting scoping reviews-PRISMA ScR extension","volume":"123","author":"J McGowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.08.1.p023","article-title":"Computing Inter-Rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial","volume":"8","author":"KA Hallgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tutor Quant Methods Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281849.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281849.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12884","article-title":"Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)","volume":"24","author":"QN Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T13:58:07Z","timestamp":1686319087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281849"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281849","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.02.03.23285416","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}