{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:25:06Z","timestamp":1791235506614,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. State Department\u2019s Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An emerging evidence base has explored the nutritional consequences of gender-based violence (GBV) perpetrated against girls during childhood\/adolescence. We conducted a rapid evidence assessment of quantitative studies describing associations between GBV and girls\u2019 nutrition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We adapted systematic review methods and included empirical, peer-reviewed studies, published after 2000 (until November, 2022), that were written in Spanish or English and reported quantitative associations between girls\u2019 exposure to GBV and nutrition outcomes. A variety of GBV forms were considered: childhood sexual abuse (CSA), child marriage, preferential feeding of boys, sexual IPV and dating violence. Nutrition outcomes included anemia, underweight, overweight, stunting, micronutrient deficiencies, meal frequency, and dietary diversity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 18 studies were included, 13 of which were conducted in high-income countries. Most sources utilized longitudinal or cross-sectional data to quantify associations between CSA, sexual assault, and intimate partner\/dating violence and elevated BMI\/overweight\/obesity\/adiposity. Findings suggest that CSA perpetrated by parents\/caregivers is associated with elevated BMI\/overweight\/obesity\/adiposity via cortisol reactivity and depression; this relationship may be compounded by additional intimate partner\/dating violence in adolescence. The effects of sexual violence on BMI are likely to emerge during a sensitive period of development between late adolescence and young adulthood. Emerging evidence was found regarding the relationship between child marriage (and the related exposure: age at first pregnancy) and undernutrition. The association between sexual abuse and reduced height and leg length was inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Given that only 18 studies were included, the relationship between girls\u2019 direct exposure to GBV and malnutrition has received little empirical attention, especially with respect to studies conducted in LMIC and fragile settings. Most studies focused on CSA and overweight\/obesity, where significant associations were found. Future research should test the moderation and mediation effects of intermediary variables (depression, PTSD, cortisol reactivity, impulsivity, emotional eating) and consider sensitive periods of development. Research should also explore the nutritional consequences of child marriage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T18:46:40Z","timestamp":1676573200000},"page":"e0281961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Childhood and adolescent nutrition outcomes among girls exposed to gender-based violence: A rapid evidence assessment of quantitative research"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-3348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luissa","family":"Vahedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Orjuela-Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bhatt-Carreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Rachel","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281961.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a Sensitive Period of Brain Development","volume":"19","author":"D Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"February","key":"pone.0281961.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.07.002","article-title":"Early childhood as a sensitive period for the effect of growth on childhood bone mass: Evidence from Generation XXI birth cohort","volume":"127","author":"T Monjardino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281961.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.955","article-title":"Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity","volume":"59","author":"WH Dietz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281961.ref004","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Relation Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Health: Turning Gold into Lead","volume":"6","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"pone.0281961.ref005","unstructured":"CDC. 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