{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:26:52Z","timestamp":1783690012170,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western-Eastern European Partnership Initiative on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and TB","award":["Project ID 482020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 482020"]}]},{"name":"Western-Eastern European Partnership Initiative on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and TB","award":["Project ID 482020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 482020"]}]},{"name":"Western-Eastern European Partnership Initiative on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and TB","award":["Project ID 482020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 482020"]}]},{"name":"Western-Eastern European Partnership Initiative on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and TB","award":["Project ID 482020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID 482020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem in Lithuania, among the 18 high-priority TB countries in the European region, and the most common AIDS-indicative disease with the highest proportion in the EU\/EEA since 2015. The study aimed to identify socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and their relationship with TB outcomes in TB-HIV co-infected patients in Lithuania.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective chart review analysed the characteristics of TB-HIV co-infected adults registered in State Information System of Tuberculosis over 2008\u20132020. The factors associated with drug-resistant TB and unsuccessful treatment outcome were identified by multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study included 345 cases in 311 patients (239 new, 106 previously treated cases), median age 40 years (IQR 35\u201345), 80.7% male. 67.8% patients knew their HIV-positive status before TB diagnosis, median time to TB diagnosis was 8 years (IQR 4\u201312). 83.6% were unemployed, 50.5%\u2014anytime intravenous drug users (IDU), 34.9% abused alcohol. Drug-resistant TB rates in new and previously treated TB cases were 38.1% and 61.3%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, higher risk of drug-resistant TB was associated with imprisonment in new (aOR 3.35; 95%CI 1.17\u20139.57) and previously treated (aOR 6.63; 95%CI 1.09\u201340.35) cases. In 52.3% of new TB cases and in 42.5% previously treated TB cases the treatment outcomes were unsuccessful. In multivariable analysis of new TB cases, current imprisonment (aOR 2.77; 95%CI 1.29\u20135.91) and drug-resistant TB (aOR 2.18; 95%CI 1.11\u20134.28) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome. In multivariable analysis of previously treated TB cases, female gender (aOR 11.93; 95%CI 1.86\u201376.69), alcohol abuse (aOR 3.17; 95%CI 1.05\u20139.58), drug-resistant TB (aOR 4.83; 95%CI 1.53\u201315.28) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the TB-HIV-infected adult cohort in Lithuania, unemployment, imprisonment, IDU, alcohol abuse, known to be risk factors for TB, were very frequent. Drug resistance was an undeniable risk factor for unsuccessful treatment outcome and imprisonment was associated with drug resistant TB.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T18:25:11Z","timestamp":1679595911000},"page":"e0282046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes of tuberculosis among HIV infected adults in Lithuania: A thirteen-year analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4400-9547","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Matulyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edita","family":"Davidaviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zavinta","family":"Kancauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saulius","family":"Diktanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidas","family":"Kausas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiva","family":"Velyvyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurgita","family":"Urboniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilnele","family":"Lipnickiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Laurencikaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edvardas","family":"Danila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Costagliola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimonda","family":"Matulionyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0282046.ref001","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref002","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref003","volume-title":"Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00188313","article-title":"TBNET. Management of patients with multidrug-resistant\/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement","volume":"44","author":"C Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0282046.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001300","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001300","article-title":"Collaborative Group for Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB. Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients","volume":"9","author":"SD Ahuja","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Med."},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref006","unstructured":"The State Information System of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes\u2013 2019 data."},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref007","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2020\u20132019 data","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref008","volume-title":"Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis\u2013 2013 revision (updated December 2014 and January 2020","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref009","unstructured":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment\u2014drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref010","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.10.007","article-title":"TB: HIV study in EuroCoord. Management of MDR-TB in HIV co-infected patients in Eastern Europe: Results from the TB:HIV study","volume":"76","author":"AMW Efsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref012","first-page":"6646239","article-title":"Tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility, Treatment, and Outcomes for Belarusian HIV-Positive Patients with Tuberculosis: Results from a National and International Laboratory","volume":"2021","author":"DN Podlekareva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0282046.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00145411","article-title":"Alarming levels of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: results of a survey in Minsk","volume":"39","author":"A Skrahina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0282046.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30190-6","article-title":"Population-based resistance of Mycobacterium tuber-culosis isolates to pyrazinamide and fluoroquinolones: results from a multicountry surveillance project","volume":"16","author":"M Zignol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13163","article-title":"Improving healthcare for patients with HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis C in eastern Europe: a review of current challenges and important next steps","volume":"23","author":"C Kraef","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0282046.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00252-0","article-title":"TB:HIV study group in EuroCoord. Tuberculosis-related mortality in people living with HIV in Europe and Latin America: an international cohort study","volume":"3","author":"DN Podlekareva","journal-title":"Lancet HIV. 2016"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref017","volume-title":"The End TB strategy","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0282046.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145380","article-title":"TB:HIV study group in EuroCoord. Major Challenges in Clinical Management of TB\/HIV Coinfected Patients in Eastern Europe Compared with Western Europe and Latin America","volume":"10","author":"AM Efsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0282046.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015735","article-title":"Predictors of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence community","volume":"5","author":"JR Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"9851","key":"pone.0282046.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60734-X","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective cohort study","volume":"380","author":"T Dalton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0282046.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.045963","article-title":"Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"A Faustini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0282046.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.10.004","article-title":"Risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"IS Pradipta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-3913-8","article-title":"Are they there yet? Linkage of patients with tuberculosis to services for tobacco cessation and alcohol abuse\u2013a mixed methods study from Karnataka, India","volume":"19","author":"N Navya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0282046.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0241862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241862","article-title":"First national tuberculosis patient cost survey in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic: Assessment of the financial burden faced by TB-affected households and the comparisons by drug-resistance and HIV status","volume":"15","author":"P Chittamany","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0282046.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0859","article-title":"Measuring catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in Viet Nam","volume":"22","author":"NV Nhung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002737","article-title":"Evaluating strategies for control of tuberculosis in prisons and prevention of spillover into communities: An observational and modeling study from Brazil","volume":"16","author":"TS Mabud","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"issue":"10050","key":"pone.0282046.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X","article-title":"The perfect storm: incarceration and the high-risk environment perpetuating transmission of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia","volume":"388","author":"FL Altice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20960","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.20960","article-title":"Prisoners co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"CL Edge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.12.029","article-title":"Tuberculosis control in prisons: current situation and research gaps","volume":"32","author":"M Dara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0282046.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13016","article-title":"TB:HIV Study Group. Healthcare delivery for HIV-positive people with tuberculosis in Europe","volume":"22","author":"AK Bentzon","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"9719","key":"pone.0282046.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2","article-title":"HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage","volume":"375","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref032","volume-title":"Roadmap to scale up HIV responce","author":"Ministry of Health of the Republic of Lithuania","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39463.640787.BE","article-title":"Long term efficacy of DOTS regimens for tuberculosis: systematic review","volume":"336","author":"HS Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0640","article-title":"Epidemiology of recurrent tuberculosis in the United States, 1993\u20132010","volume":"17","author":"L Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638990","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.638990","article-title":"Relapse or Re-Infection, the Situation of Recurrent Tuberculosis in Eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Y Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2818-6","article-title":"Recurrent tuberculosis in Finland 1995\u20132013: a clinical and epidemiological cohort study","volume":"17","author":"V Korhonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0282046.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab117","article-title":"How Do Smoking Status and Smoking Cessation Efforts Affect TB Recurrence After Successful Completion of Anti-TB Treatment? A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study With a 7-Year Follow-up in China","volume":"23","author":"H Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref038","unstructured":"WHO\/UNION. Association between exposure to tobacco smoke and tuberculosis: a qualitative systematic review, 2007. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/tobacco\/resources\/ publications\/tb_tobac_monograph.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0282046.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.11.003","article-title":"Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV)","volume":"24","author":"R Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0282046.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0268290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268290","article-title":"Risk factors associated with tuberculosis recurrence in South Korea determined using a nationwide cohort study","volume":"17","author":"HM Youn","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0282046.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.124677","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1998\u20132005","volume":"65","author":"JP Crofts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0282046.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124822","article-title":"Associated factors for tuberculosis recurrence in Taiwan: a nationwide nested case-control study from 1998 to 2010","volume":"10","author":"CL Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03696-8","article-title":"Treatment and recurrence on re-treatment tuberculosis patients: a randomized clinical trial and 7-year perspective cohort study in China","volume":"39","author":"J Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.032","article-title":"Impact of HIV status and predictors of successful treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients: A six-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"60","author":"G Fekadu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4709-5","article-title":"Urban-rural disparities in treatment outcomes among recurrent TB cases in Southern Province, Zambia","volume":"19","author":"S Mutembo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0282046.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.11.006","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with 28nfavourable tuberculosis treatment outcomes in TB-HIV co-infected patients in Brazil: a hierarchical polytomous analysis","volume":"21","author":"TN Prado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7980-x","article-title":"Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"A Tola","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collaborative Group for the Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB treatment\u20132017, Ahmad N, Ahuja SD, et al. Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;392(10150):821\u2013834. Doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31644-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31644-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1967-3","article-title":"Outcomes of TB treatment in HIV co-infected TB patients in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional analytic study","volume":"16","author":"SA Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2406-x","article-title":"Unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes with a focus on HIV co-infected cases: a cross-sectional retrospective record review in a high-burdened province of South Africa","volume":"17","author":"MC Engelbrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0282046.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x","article-title":"The Relation Between Different Dimensions of Alcohol Consumption and Burden of Disease-An Overview","volume":"105","author":"J Rehm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon England)"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-289","article-title":"Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis\u2013a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-450","article-title":"The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"J Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheen Humayun, Joconiah Chirenda, Wen Ye, Innocent Mukeredzi, Hilda Angela Mujuru, Zhenhua Yang, Effect of Gender on Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis (TB) and Age-Specific Risk of TB, and TB-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2022, ofac512, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac512","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac512"},{"key":"pone.0282046.ref055","first-page":"209","article-title":"Biological differences between the sexes and susceptibility to tuberculosis","author":"S Nhamoyebonde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0282046.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06745-w","article-title":"T. B.:H. I. V. Study Group. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons living with HIV in Eastern Europe: associated factors and effect on mortality-a multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"C Kraef","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1679595957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282046"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yuan-Ti","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]}}}