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However, it has been linked to familial Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Synphilin-1 is a major component of the Lewy bodies found in neurons in the <jats:italic>substantia nigra pars compacta<\/jats:italic> of PD patients. Synphilin-1 expression in serotonergic and\/or dopaminergic neurons of <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> induces neurodegeneration, as well as motor and non-motor PD like symptoms. In this work, we examined the contribution of the serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits in the development of PD-like phenotypes. We found that olfactory and visual symptoms are majorly contributed by the serotonergic system, and that motor symptoms and reduction in survival are mainly contributed by the dopaminergic system. Chronic nicotine treatment was able to suppress several of these symptoms. These results indicate that both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems contribute to different aspects of PD symptomatology and that nicotine has beneficial effects on specific symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T18:34:47Z","timestamp":1677695687000},"page":"e0282348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Parkinsonian phenotypes induced by Synphilin-1 expression are differentially contributed by serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits and suppressed by nicotine treatment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Angel","family":"Carvajal-Oliveros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Dominguez-Bale\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Zambrano-Tipan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-8340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Campusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Narv\u00e1ez-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-2230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enrique","family":"Reynaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0282348.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nrl.0000131146.08278.a5","article-title":"Parkinson disease: An update.","volume":"10","author":"SJ Frucht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"pone.0282348.ref002","first-page":"267","article-title":"Parkinson disease: An update","volume":"87","author":"JD Gazewood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"pone.0282348.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02056.x","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"W. 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