{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:04:46Z","timestamp":1773248686052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000087","name":"Office of Polar Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-OPP-1745130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-OPP-1745130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000087","name":"Office of Polar Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-OPP-2046800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-OPP-2046800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS) can cause widespread mortality in starfish populations as well as long-lasting changes to benthic community structure and dynamics. SSWS symptoms have been documented in numerous species and locations around the world, but to date there is only one record of SSWS from the Antarctic and this outbreak was associated with volcanically-driven high temperature anomalies. Here we report outbreaks of SSWS-like symptoms that affected ~30% of individuals of <jats:italic>Odontaster validus<\/jats:italic> at two different sites in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica in 2019 and 2022. Unlike many SSWS events in other parts of the world, these outbreaks were not associated with anomalously warm temperatures. Instead, we suggest they may have been triggered by high nutrient input events on a local scale. Although the exact cause of these outbreaks is not known, these findings are of great concern because of the keystone role of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>validus<\/jats:italic> and the slow recovery rate of Antarctic benthic ecosystems to environmental stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:36:26Z","timestamp":1690479386000},"page":"e0282550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sea star wasting syndrome reaches the high Antarctic: Two recent outbreaks in McMurdo Sound"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0604-5096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Moran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-8210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rowan H.","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Thurber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0282550.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020120","article-title":"The elusive baseline of marine disease: are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing?","volume":"2","author":"JR Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010213-135029","article-title":"Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society.","volume":"6","author":"CA Burge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-031920-100429","article-title":"Marine parasites and disease in the era of global climate change.","volume":"13","author":"JE Byers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2018.201","article-title":"Marine host-pathogen dynamics: influences of global climate change.","volume":"31","author":"R Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau7042","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau7042","article-title":"Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides).","volume":"5","author":"CD Harvell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3953","article-title":"Reduction and recovery of keystone predation pressure after disease-related mass mortality.","volume":"8","author":"MM Moritsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol Evol."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610009","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.610009","article-title":"Evidence that microorganisms at the animal-water interface drive sea star wasting disease.","volume":"11","author":"CA Aquino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00406","article-title":"Perspective: Something old, something new? Review of wasting and other mortality in Asteroidea (Echinodermata).","volume":"6","author":"I Hewson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20182766","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2766","article-title":"Reciprocal abundance shifts of the intertidal sea stars, Evasterias troschelii and Pisaster ochraceus, following sea star wasting disease","volume":"286","author":"SWC Kay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153994","article-title":"Sea star wasting disease in the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus in Oregon: Insights into differential population impacts, recovery, predation rate, and temperature effects from long-term research.","volume":"11","author":"BA Menge","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192870","article-title":"Large-scale impacts of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) on intertidal sea stars and implications for recovery.","volume":"13","author":"CM Miner","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800285115","article-title":"Decimation by sea star wasting disease and rapid genetic change in a keystone species, Pisaster ochraceus","volume":"115","author":"LM Schiebelhut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180553","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0553","article-title":"Sudden collapse of a mesopredator reveals its complementary role in mediating rocky reef regime shifts","volume":"285","author":"JM Burt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1672","article-title":"Shifts in intertidal zonation and refuge use by prey after mass mortalities of two predators","volume":"98","author":"SA Gravem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12715","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12715","article-title":"Evidence of increased mussel abundance related to the Pacific marine heatwave and sea star wasting.","volume":"43","author":"SB Traiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar Ecol."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188523","article-title":"Sea star wasting disease in Asterias forbesi along the Atlantic Coast of North America.","volume":"12","author":"C Bucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150212","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0212","article-title":"Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature","volume":"371","author":"ME Eisenlord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2019.151209","article-title":"Wasting disease and static environmental variables drive sea star assemblages in the Northern Gulf of Alaska","volume":"520","author":"B Konar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29684-0","article-title":"Exploring the pathology of an epidermal disease affecting a circum-Antarctic sea star.","volume":"8","author":"L N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Pons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220197","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0197","article-title":"The first records of sea star wasting disease in Crossaster papposus in Europe.","volume":"18","author":"S Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0282550.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13735","article-title":"Microbial respiration in the asteroid diffusive boundary layer influenced sea star wasting disease during the 2013\u20132014 northeast Pacific Ocean mass mortality event","volume":"668","author":"I. 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