{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:00:44Z","timestamp":1790686844261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016739","name":"BioFire Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Humanitarian donation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Humanitarian donation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008551","name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Humanitarian donation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Humanitarian donation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007231","name":"Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is little information on the epidemiology of enteric pathogens in Lebanon, a low- and middle-income country that suffers from a myriad of public health challenges. To address this knowledge gap, we aimed to assess the prevalence of enteric pathogens, identify risk factors and seasonal variations, and describe associations between pathogens among diarrheic patients in the Lebanese community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology and principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multicenter cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in the north of Lebanon. Stool samples were collected from 360 outpatients suffering from acute diarrhea. Based on fecal examination using the BioFire<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>FilmArray<jats:sup><jats:bold>\u00ae<\/jats:bold><\/jats:sup>Gastrointestinal Panel assay, the overall prevalence of enteric infections was 86.1%. Enteroaggregative<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>(EAEC) was the most frequently identified (41.7%), followed by enteropathogenic<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>(EPEC) (40.8%) and rotavirus A (27.5%). Notably, two cases of<jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>were identified, while<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>spp. (6.9%) was the most common parasitic agent. Overall, 27.7% (86\/310) of the cases were single infections, and the majority, 73.3% (224\/310), were mixed infections. Multivariable logistic regression models showed that enterotoxigenic<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>(ETEC) and rotavirus A infections were significantly more likely to occur in the fall and winter compared to the summer. Rotavirus A infections significantly decreased with age but increased in patients living in rural areas or suffering from vomiting. We identified strong associations in the co-occurrence of EAEC, EPEC, and ETEC infections and a higher percentage of rotavirus A and norovirus GI\/GII infections among EAEC-positive cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several of the enteric pathogens reported in this study are not routinely tested in Lebanese clinical laboratories. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that diarrheal diseases are on the rise due to widespread pollution and the deterioration of the economy. Therefore, this study is of paramount importance to identify circulating etiologic agents and prioritize dwindling resources to control them and limit outbreaks in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T17:23:38Z","timestamp":1678728218000},"page":"e0282844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The indelible toll of enteric pathogens: Prevalence, clinical characterization, and seasonal trends in patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea in disenfranchised 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J.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7466-5118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monzer","family":"Hamze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0282844.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00051-6","article-title":"Monitoring of diverse enteric pathogens across environmental and host reservoirs with TaqMan array cards and standard qPCR: a methodological comparison study","volume":"5","author":"R Lappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0282844.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30483-2","article-title":"Burden of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella 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