{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:32:48Z","timestamp":1791286368616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of smartphones has seen an extraordinary growth in recent years, thus the understanding of visual habits associated with the use of such devices across the lifespan is becoming important. In the present study we measured viewing distance and character size in a group of non-presbyopes (n = 157) and a group of presbyopes (n = 60) while participants read a simple text message on their smartphone. Results showed that non-presbyopes use shorter viewing distances as compared to presbyopes, a behavior causing a significantly higher accommodative demand. Presbyopes also use larger character sizes and this behavior is more evident whenever difficulties in near vision emerge in the Near Activity Visual Questionnaire (NAVQ, Italian version). Nevertheless, the two groups did not differ in the measurement of angular size subtended by the smallest detail of the letters. Overall, our data reveal that non-presbyopes and presbyopes have different visual habits when using a smartphone. These differences should be considered when determining the best near correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:23:01Z","timestamp":1681305781000},"page":"e0282947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Viewing distance and character size in the use of smartphones across the lifespan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Boccardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Gurioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Antonino","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0282947.ref001","unstructured":"Statista. Daily usage of smartphone in Italy in 2019. 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1084948\/daily-usage-of-smartphone-in-italy\/"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref002","article-title":"Vision and IT displays: A whole new visual world","author":"M Rosenfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref003","first-page":"88","article-title":"Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones","author":"Y Bababekova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref004","first-page":"14","article-title":"Viewing distance of smartphones in presbyopic and non-presbyopic age","author":"L. Boccardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref005","article-title":"The eye in focus: Accommodation and presbyopia","author":"WN Charman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72328-1","article-title":"Mean visual acuity","volume":"111","author":"JT Holladay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref008","first-page":"38","article-title":"Development of a questionnaire to assess the relative subjective benefits of presbyopia correction","author":"PJ Buckhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref009","first-page":"27","article-title":"An Italian translation and validation of the near activity visual questionnaire (NAVQ)","author":"F Zeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref010","first-page":"95","article-title":"How People with Low Vision Achieve Magnification in Digital Reading","author":"C Granquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-7404-1.50006-X","article-title":"Diagnosing and Treating Computer-Related Vision Problems","author":"JE Sheedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagnosing and Treating Computer-Related Vision Problems"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2015.02.001","article-title":"Is the 3\u00d7 reading rule appropriate for computer users?","volume":"38","author":"O Kochurova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref013","first-page":"82","article-title":"Accommodation and convergence during sustained computer work","author":"JD Collier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref014","first-page":"29","article-title":"Accommodation response and visual discomfort","author":"C Tosha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref015","article-title":"Smartphone overuse and visual impairment in children and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref016","first-page":"17","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome (a.k.a. digital eye strain)","author":"M. Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Pract"},{"key":"pone.0282947.ref017","first-page":"117","article-title":"Reconciling print-size and display-size constraints on reading","author":"N Atilgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:23:19Z","timestamp":1681305799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282947"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Blanka","family":"Golebiowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0282947","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}