{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:00:12Z","timestamp":1791907212937,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\/227682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\/227682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soft tissues overlying the hip play a critical role in protecting against fractures during fall-related hip impacts. Consequently, the development of an efficient and cost-effective method for estimating hip soft tissue thicknesses in living people may prove to be valuable for assessing an individual\u2019s injury risk and need to adopt preventative measures. The present study used multiple linear stepwise regression to generate prediction equations from participant characteristics (i.e., height, sex) and anthropometric measurements of the pelvis, trunk, and thigh to estimate soft tissue thickness at the iliac crests (IC) and greater trochanters (GT) in younger (16\u201335 years of age: 37 males, 37 females) and older (36\u201365 years of age: 38 males, 38 females) adults. Equations were validated against soft tissue thicknesses measured from full body Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scans of independent samples (younger: 13 males, 13 females; older: 13 males, 12 females). Younger adult prediction equations exhibited adjusted <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values ranging from 0.704 to 0.791, with more explained variance for soft tissue thicknesses at the GT than the IC; corresponding values for the older adult equations were higher overall and ranged from 0.819 to 0.852. Predicted and actual soft tissue thicknesses were significantly correlated for both the younger (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.466 to 0.738) and older (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 0.842 to 0.848) adults, averaging \u2264 0.75cm of error. This research demonstrates that soft tissue thicknesses overlying the GT and IC can be accurately predicted from equations using anthropometric measurements. These equations can be used by clinicians to identify individuals at higher risk of hip fractures who may benefit from the use of preventative measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T17:30:07Z","timestamp":1678815007000},"page":"e0283012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Predicting soft tissue thicknesses overlying the iliac crests and greater trochanters of younger and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-3198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia M.","family":"Town","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle L.","family":"Gyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Kahelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0283012.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105093241905","article-title":"Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fractures in women","volume":"19","author":"J Grisso","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298717","article-title":"Impact near the hip dominates hip fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall","volume":"3","author":"WC Hayes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900679","article-title":"Majority of hip fractures occur as a result of a fall and impact on the greater trochanter of the femur: a prospective controlled hip fracture study with 206 consecutive patients","volume":"3","author":"J Parkkari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3616-5","article-title":"Hip fracture, mortality risk, and cause of death over two decades","volume":"10","author":"MV Friesendorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1627-0","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence, mortality and disability associated with hip fracture","volume":"11","author":"O Johnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232596711877167","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118771676","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in collegiate athletes in the United States","volume":"5","author":"YE Kerbel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.01.148","article-title":"A sideways fall hip fracture","volume":"2","author":"P Kannus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4153-6","article-title":"Costs of fragility hip fractures globally: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"10","author":"S Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0283012.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-996-0012-7","article-title":"fractures, and hip pads","volume":"4","author":"Sinaki M. 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