{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:23:16Z","timestamp":1783999396209,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates age-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) distributions in Taiwanese men and recommends reference ranges for this population after comparison with other studies. From January 1999 to December 2016, a total of 213,986 Taiwanese men aged above 19 years old without history of prostate cancer, urinary tract infection, or prostate infection were recruited from the Taiwan MJ cohort, an ongoing prospective cohort of health examinations conducted by the MJ Health Screening Center in Taiwan. Participants were divided into seven age groups. Simple descriptive statistical analyses were carried out and quartiles and 95th percentiles were calculated for each group as reference ranges for serum PSA in screening for prostate cancer in Taiwanese men. Serum PSA concentration correlated with age (r = 0.274, p&lt;0.001). The median serum PSA concentration (5th to 95th percentile) ranged from 0.7 ng\/ml (0.3 to 1.8) for men 20\u201329 years old (n = 6,382) to 1.6 ng\/ml (0.4 to 8.4) for men over 79 years old (n = 504). The age-specific PSA reference ranges are as follows: 20\u201329 years, 1.80 ng\/ml; 30\u201339 years, 1.80 ng\/ml; 40\u201349 years, 2.0 ng\/ml; 50\u201359 years, 3.20 ng\/ml; 60\u201369 years, 5.60 ng\/ml; 70\u201379 years, 7.40 ng\/ml; over 80 years, 8.40 ng\/ml. Almost no change occurred in the median serum PSA value in men 50 years old or younger, while a gradual increase was observed in men over 50. Taiwanese men aged 60 years above showed higher 95th percentile serum PSA values compared to Caucasian men and men in other Asian countries but were closer to those of Asian American and African American men. Results indicate significantly different PSA levels correlating to different ethnicities, suggesting that Oesterling\u2019s age-specific PSA reference ranges might not be appropriate for Taiwanese men. Our results should be further studied to validate the age-specific PSA reference ranges for Taiwanese men presented in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T17:56:41Z","timestamp":1678989401000},"page":"e0283040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ethnic differences in the age-related distribution of serum prostate-specific antigen values: A study in a Taiwanese male population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Hsun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ta-Wei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien-Huang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng-Fu","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ho","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chieh","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-113X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shang-Sen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283040.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38491-4","article-title":"Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate","volume":"145","author":"JE Oesterling","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0283040.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241702","article-title":"Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer","volume":"324","author":"WJ Catalona","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283040.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608013350511","article-title":"Age-specific reference ranges for serum PSA","volume":"335","author":"JE Oesterling","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283040.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23721","article-title":"The case for prostate-specific antigen screening starting at age 40","volume":"113","author":"RB Nadler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283040.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.09.063","article-title":"Age adjusted prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen velocity cut points in prostate cancer screening","volume":"177","author":"JW Moul","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0283040.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031918","article-title":"Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or = 4.0 ng per milliliter","volume":"350","author":"IM Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283040.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510070082041","article-title":"Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. 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