{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:08:12Z","timestamp":1740146892607,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006715","name":"Stiftelsen Solstickan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006350","name":"Stiftelsen Clas Groschinskys Minnesfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007373","name":"Stiftelsen Sven Jerrings Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children of incarcerated parents run a high risk for poor health and marginalisation across development where positive parenting comprises an essential protective factor. The For Our Children\u2019s Sake (FOCS) intervention is delivered with incarcerated parents in Sweden to support parenting and healthy child development. This study aimed to explore the effects of the FOCS intervention on relationship quality between parent and child, parent criminal attitude and interest in treatment, while investigating intervention fidelity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The non-randomised non-blinded pragmatic controlled study was carried out during 2019\u20132020 in 15 prisons with 91 parents throughout Sweden. Group allocation was based on the set operation planning at each prison. Prisons delivering FOCS during the study period were recruited to the intervention group, whereas prisons delivering FOCS later were recruited to the control group. Outcomes were measured through parent-report at baseline September-December 2019 (T0), after intervention (T1) in January-April 2020, and at three-months follow-up in April-July in 2020 (T2). The primary outcome was relationship quality between incarcerated parent and child and secondary outcomes were criminal attitude, interest in other treatment programmes, and child-parent contact. Fidelity to intervention delivery was monitored through objectively rated audio recorded sessions by researchers, and by group-leader-reported logs. Group differences on outcome over time and at each time point were explored using mixed-model regression with repeated measures with an intention-to-treat approach and per protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intention-to-treat analysis showed favourable intervention effects over time for relationship quality, explained by a higher intervention group score at T2. An intervention effect was found for parental interest in other prison-delivered treatments at T2. The analysis per protocol found similar but stronger effects on the relationship quality and an additional intervention effect over time for criminal attitude, also explained by a significant group difference at T2. The effect on treatment interest did not reach statistical significance in the analysis per protocol. Group leaders reported that all sessions had been performed and the objective ratings of fidelity rendered overall acceptable delivery of the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FOCS intervention had beneficial effects on relationship quality, and outcomes related to criminality which suggests that a parenting intervention for incarcerated parents has the potential to influence both parenting outcomes and outcomes related to a criminal lifestyle. Future studies should investigate intervention effectiveness on long-term outcomes related to both child health and parental recidivism. Further development of intervention components is suggested with the hypothesis to increase intervention effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov: No.<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04101799\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT04101799<\/jats:ext-link>, prospectively registered on September 24, 2019, Identifier:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04101799\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04101799<\/jats:ext-link>, The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are registered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T18:08:17Z","timestamp":1679594897000},"page":"e0283177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a parental support intervention for parents in prison on child-parent relationship and criminal attitude\u2014The For Our Children\u2019s Sake pragmatic controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-3066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Enebrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283177.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403415591269","article-title":"Mental Health Service Needs in the Prison Boom: The Case of Children of Incarcerated Mothers.","volume":"28","author":"JJ Turanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim Justice Policy Rev."},{"key":"pone.0283177.ref002","article-title":"Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies.","author":"J Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"APA, Washington DC.;"},{"key":"pone.0283177.ref003","first-page":"4","article-title":"Parental imprisonment: Effects of parental imprisonment on child antisocial behaviour and mental health: a systematic review","volume":"2009","author":"J Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283177.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.72.4.548","article-title":"The relationship of parenting stress to adjustment among mothers in prison.","volume":"72","author":"KD Houck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283177.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2011.615822","article-title":"Paternal Incarceration and Parenting Programs in Prison: A Review Paper","volume":"20","author":"M. 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