{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:41:41Z","timestamp":1768344101169,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some people report being able to spontaneously \u201ctime\u201d the end of their sleep. This ability to self-awaken challenges the idea of sleep as a passive cognitive state. Yet, current evidence on this phenomenon is limited, partly because of the varied definitions of self-awakening and experimental approaches used to study it. Here, we provide a review of the literature on self-awakening. Our aim is to i) contextualise the phenomenon, ii) propose an operating definition, and iii) summarise the scientific approaches used so far. The literature review identified 17 studies on self-awakening. Most of them adopted an objective sleep evaluation (76%), targeted nocturnal sleep (76%), and used a single criterion to define the success of awakening (82%); for most studies, this corresponded to awakening occurring in a time window of 30 minutes around the expected awakening time. Out of 715 total participants, 125 (17%) reported to be self-awakeners, with an average age of 23.24 years and a slight predominance of males compared to females. These results reveal self-awakening as a relatively rare phenomenon. To facilitate the study of self-awakening, and based on the results of the literature review, we propose a quick paper-and-pencil screening questionnaire for self-awakeners and provide an initial validation for it. Taken together, the combined results of the literature review and the proposed questionnaire help in characterising a theoretical framework for self-awakenings, while providing a useful tool and empirical suggestions for future experimental studies, which should ideally employ objective measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T17:57:21Z","timestamp":1679594241000},"page":"e0283221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sleeping with time in mind? A literature review and a proposal for a screening questionnaire on self-awakening"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-5027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Verga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-7467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giada","family":"D\u2019Este","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5894-4624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonja A.","family":"Kotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferini-Strambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0283221.ref001","article-title":"The neuroscience of sleep","author":"R Stickgold","year":"2010","journal-title":"San Diego: Academic Press"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.12.005","article-title":"Sleep and emotional processing","volume":"40","author":"D Tempesta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0467-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep","volume":"22","author":"JG Klinzing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x","article-title":"The Role of Sleep in Cognition and Emotion","volume":"1156","author":"MP Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming","volume":"100","author":"B Baird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)93005-5","article-title":"Preparation for Awakening: Self-Awakening vs. Forced Awakening: Preparatory Hanges in the Pre-Awakening Period","volume":"93","author":"M Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2307\/1410868","article-title":"Statistics of \u201cUnconscious Cerebration\u201d","volume":"5","author":"CM Child","year":"1892","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0283221.ref008","unstructured":"Vaschide N. 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