{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:08:09Z","timestamp":1783512489141,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is widespread worldwide and associated with negative effects on maternal and neonatal health. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels in the first trimester of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This case control study included 200 participants aged (18\u201340) years divided into two groups; 100 pregnant females at the first trimester as case group, attending the main general clinical centers in Gaza strip, Palestine and 100 apparently healthy non-pregnant females as control group. Vitamin D, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, parathyroid, and the autoantibodies specific for thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase in serum were measured in all mothers and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21 software.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serum vitamin D, TSH, anti-TPO, and anti-TG levels were significantly decrease while, parathyroid levels were non-significantly decreased in the first trimester of pregnancy compered to control group. The levels of fT<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> were significantly increased and level of fT<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> were non significantly increased among pregnant mothers compered to control group. Analyses using Pearson correlation coefficients showed positive correlations between vitamin D with fT<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, fT<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, Anti-TPO with <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> -value &lt; 0.05 and negative correlations with mother age, TSH, PTH with <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value &lt; 0.05 in early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in the first-trimester can be associated with thyroid, parathyroid parameters and thyroid autoantibodies with potential adverse consequences for overall health, emphasizing a routine monitoring and vitamin D supplementation prevention strategies to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T17:50:56Z","timestamp":1680198656000},"page":"e0283392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of vitamin D deficiency on some biochemical parameters and clinical outcome in Palestinian pregnant women during the first trimester"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6483-7630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saleh Nazmy","family":"Mwafy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa Ramadan","family":"Abed El- Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Marwan","family":"Laqqan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged Mohamed","family":"Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0283392.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.12.040","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in female reproduction","volume":"455","author":"SZ Shahrokhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinica chimica acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2341-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency status and its related risk factors during early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia","volume":"19","author":"AS Aji","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.165","article-title":"Deficit of vitamin D in pregnancy and growth and overweight in the offspring","volume":"39","author":"E Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0283392.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30153-6","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and child brain morphology: a time window-specific analysis of a prospective cohort","volume":"7","author":"TA Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283392.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/trp.trp_3_18","article-title":"Assessment of normal range of thyroid function tests in healthy Egyptian pregnant women","volume":"15","author":"NA Sheriba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid Research and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283392.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13590","article-title":"Thyroid autoantibodies in pregnancy are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Ma\u2019anshan Birth Cohort Study","volume":"88","author":"Y Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case-control study","volume":"20","author":"S Ahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC endocrine disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283392.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195041","article-title":"Alterations in the vitamin D endocrine system during pregnancy: A longitudinal study of 855 healthy Norwegian women","volume":"13","author":"MK Gustafsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0283392.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2020.12.001","article-title":"Vitamin D status and determinants of deficiency among Palestinian females of childbearing age: A case control study","volume":"35","author":"SN Mwafy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition Open Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283392.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.09.020","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation and relation to cardiovascular health","volume":"109","author":"JL Vacek","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of cardiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283392.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001","article-title":"Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application","volume":"19","author":"MF Holick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283392.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.4.691","article-title":"Immunoradiometric assay of thyrotropin as a\" first-line\" thyroid-function test in the routine laboratory","volume":"32","author":"M Hopton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(85)80446-4","article-title":"Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and its identification as the microsomal antigen involved in autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"190","author":"B Czarnocka","year":"1985","journal-title":"FEBS letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serum nitric oxide levels in healthy pregnant women: a case-control study in a tertiary facility in Ghana","volume":"4","author":"EO Darkwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology"},{"key":"pone.0283392.ref015","article-title":"Obesity in Pregnancy: Obstetrician\u2019s Obstacle","author":"SS Khadilkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Springer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283392.ref016","first-page":"331","article-title":"Biochemical profiles of pregnant and non-pregnant women attending at the University of Gondar Hospital","volume":"28","author":"A Alemu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-019-0294-7","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their babies in Bhaktapur, Nepal","volume":"5","author":"D Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC nutrition"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0283392.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518781477","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and its relationship with adverse pregnancy outcomes in Guizhou, China","volume":"46","author":"S Hong-Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Medical Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283392.ref019","first-page":"1911","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"pone.0283392.ref020","first-page":"0077","article-title":"Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries","author":"DE Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Online Library"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283392.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.34172\/hpr.2022.30","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D, Renal Biomarkers, Protein Profile and Some Electrolytes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With a Clinical Trial of Vitamin D Therapy","volume":"7","author":"MM Yassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hospital Practices and Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283392.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070867","article-title":"The association of vitamin D levels with common pregnancy complications","volume":"10","author":"A Dovnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0283392.ref023","article-title":"Association between different levels of maternal vitamin-D status during pregnancy and maternal outcomes","author":"M Alanazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283392.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14019","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency among Danish pregnant women\u2014Prevalence and association with adverse obstetric outcomes and placental vitamin D metabolism","volume":"100","author":"AL Vestergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"pone.0283392.ref025","first-page":"131","article-title":"The relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid function in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"F Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Pharmacy Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15324\/kjcls.2018.50.1.1","article-title":"Evaluation of Pregnancy and Thyroid Function","volume":"50","author":"C-E Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283392.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3329\/medtoday.v27i2.30033","article-title":"Study of serum FT3, FT4 and TSH levels in pregnant women","volume":"27","author":"S Yeasmin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine today"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283392.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-5018-8","article-title":"Thyroid function and thyroid disorders during pregnancy: a review and care pathway","volume":"299","author":"AP Delitala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283392.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum","volume":"27","author":"EK Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283392.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.236646","article-title":"Thyroid function in pregnancy: what is normal?","volume":"61","author":"M Medici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283392.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.474","article-title":"Sequential studies on thyroid antibodies during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"P Smyth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283392.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.160021","article-title":"Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity during early pregnancy is associated with pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity in later life","volume":"6","author":"R Bhattacharyya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.526","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent and vitamin D is inversely associated with parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in pregnant adolescents","volume":"27","author":"BE Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of bone and mineral research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283392.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.09.004","article-title":"Calcium and bone disorders during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"35","author":"CS Kovacs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283392.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071378","article-title":"Hypoparathyroidism in pregnancy and lactation: current approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"DS Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1680198681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283392"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Zar\u0119ba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}