{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:55:09Z","timestamp":1783137309376,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Varicella is usually a mild disease in children but may be life-threatening, especially in adolescents and adults. Infection control measures implemented during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have suppressed varicella transmission, potentially creating an \u2018immunity debt\u2019, particularly in countries without universal varicella vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess trends in Google search engine queries for varicella keywords as a proxy for varicella infection rates and to evaluate the effect of universal varicella vaccination on these trends. A further objective was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on varicella keyword search query trends in countries with and without universal varicella vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study used the keyword research tool, Google Trends, to evaluate trends in time series of the relative search query popularity of language-specific varicella keywords in 28 European countries from January 2015 through December 2021. The Google Ads Keyword Planner tool was used to evaluate absolute search volumes from March 2018 through December 2021.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The relative search query popularity of varicella keywords displayed marked seasonal variation. In all 28 countries, the relative search query popularity of varicella keywords declined after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020), compared with pre-pandemic levels (range, -18% to -70%). From April 2020 to July 2021, a period of intense COVID-19 transmission and infection control, absolute search volumes for varicella keywords were lower than pre-pandemic levels but rebounded after July 2021, when infection control measures were relaxed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This evaluation of search query trends demonstrated that search query data could be used as a proxy for trends in varicella infection rates and revealed that transmission of varicella may have been suppressed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consideration should be given to using search query data to better understand the burden of varicella, particularly in countries where surveillance systems are inadequate.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T17:21:58Z","timestamp":1681320118000},"page":"e0283465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact assessment of immunization and the COVID-19 pandemic on varicella across Europe using digital epidemiology methods: A descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-8730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ugne","family":"Sabale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligita","family":"Jarmale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Murtagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjiri","family":"Pawaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6293-8211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Goran","family":"Bencina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283465.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1573145","article-title":"Burden of varicella in Central and Eastern Europe: findings from a systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"Z Meszner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0283465.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02983.x","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) infection in pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"RF Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283465.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00668-y","article-title":"Systematic analysis of infectious disease outcomes by age shows lowest severity in school-age children","volume":"7","author":"JR Glynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283465.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060732","article-title":"Perspectives on the impact of varicella immunization on herpes zoster. 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