{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:26:26Z","timestamp":1791638786479,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-14-1-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-14-1-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-20-1-0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-20-1-0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-15-1-0517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-15-1-0517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In studies exploring the potential for nanosecond duration electric pulses to serve as a novel modality for neuromodulation, we found that a 5 ns pulse triggers an immediate rise in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. To facilitate ongoing efforts to understand underlying mechanisms and to work toward carrying out investigations in cells <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>, we describe the suitability and advantages of using isolated murine adrenal chromaffin cells expressing, in a Cre-dependent manner, the genetically-encoded Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>indicator GCaMP6f. Initial experiments confirmed that Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> responses evoked by a 5 ns pulse were similar between fluorescent Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> indicator-loaded murine and bovine chromaffin cells, thereby establishing that 5 ns-elicited excitation of chromaffin cells occurs reproducibly across species. In GCaMP6f-expressing murine chromaffin cells, spontaneous Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> activity as well as nicotinic receptor agonist- and 5 ns evoked-Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> responses consistently displayed similar kinetic characteristics as those in dye-loaded cells but with two-twentyfold greater amplitudes and without photobleaching. The high signal-to-noise ratio of evoked Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> responses as well as spontaneous Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> activity was observed in cells derived from <jats:italic>Sox10-Cre<\/jats:italic>, conditional GCaMP6f mice or <jats:italic>TH-Cre<\/jats:italic>, conditional GCaMP6f mice, although the number of cells expressing GCaMP6f at sufficiently high levels for achieving high signal-to-noise ratios was greater in <jats:italic>Sox10-Cre<\/jats:italic> mice. As in bovine cells, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> responses elicited in murine GCaMP6f-expressing cells by a 5 ns pulse were mediated by the activation of voltage-gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels but not tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels. We conclude that genetically targeting GCaMP6f expression to murine chromaffin cells represents a sensitive and valuable approach to investigate spontaneous, receptor agonist- and nanosecond electric pulse-induced Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> responses <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. This approach will also facilitate future studies investigating the effects of ultrashort electric pulses on cells in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> slices of adrenal gland, which will lay the foundation for using nanosecond electric pulses to stimulate neurosecretion <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T17:46:49Z","timestamp":1680284809000},"page":"e0283736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High signal-to-noise imaging of spontaneous and 5 ns electric pulse-evoked Ca2+ signals in GCaMP6f-expressing adrenal chromaffin cells isolated from transgenic mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ciara","family":"Viola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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