{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:03:46Z","timestamp":1773720226141,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The isolating nature of various COVID-19 mandates may have reduced physical activity (PA) and increased mental health symptomology among individuals with amputation. However, an investigation of mental health across PA levels before and after the onset of COVID-19 among this group has not been conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate group differences in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptomology among individuals with amputation who reported being physically \u201cactive,\u201d \u201csomewhat active,\u201d or \u201cinactivate\u201d before and during the pandemic. Individuals with an amputation at any level (n = 91; 51% female; age = 52.5\u00b115.5) completed an online questionnaire to assess demographic information, PA levels, and mental health throughout the pandemic. Group differences in self-reported PA before and after COVID-19 onset were assessed by the PA Guidelines for Americans recommendations. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) scales were used to assess group differences in mental health status. Before and after the onset of COVID-19, 33% and 42.9% of respondents reported that they were inactive, respectively. 58.2% of respondents reported decreased PA since the pandemic\u2019s onset. Prior to the pandemic, active individuals reported lower CES-D (14.21 vs. 19.07; Cohen\u2019s d: -0.414), GAD-7 (3.82 vs. 5.47; Cohen\u2019s d: -0.359), and PCL-5 (15.92 vs. 21.03; Cohen\u2019s d: -0.319) scores compared to inactive individuals. After the onset of COVID-19, scores remained lower for active respondents CES-D (12.67 vs. 20.03; Cohen\u2019s d: 0.-669), GAD-7 (3.17 vs. 5.87; Cohen\u2019s d: -0.598), and PCL-5 (13.39 vs. 19.90; Cohen\u2019s d: -0.430). Individuals with amputation reported decreased PA after the onset of COVID-19. Individuals reporting that they were \u201cactive\u201d exhibited improved depression and anxiety symptomology scores compared to those reporting that they were \u201cinactive.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T17:28:16Z","timestamp":1685035696000},"page":"e0283762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with amputation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-6096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle R.","family":"Leister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taavy","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-3374","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiago","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0283762.ref001","article-title":"See Which States and Cities Have Told Residents to Stay at Home","author":"S Mervosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref002","first-page":"42","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: a systematic umbrella review of the global evidence.","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health."},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref003","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey.","author":"A Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6878","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186878","article-title":"Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement","volume":"17","author":"A Casta\u00f1eda-Babarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364612437905","article-title":"Motivations and barriers to prosthesis users participation in physical activity, exercise and sport: a review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"S Deans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0363-2","article-title":"Perceived Barriers, Facilitators and Benefits for Regular Physical Activity and Exercise in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of the Literature.","volume":"45","author":"JJCS Veldhuijzen van Zanten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.913S","article-title":"The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough?","volume":"79","author":"SN Blair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence.","volume":"174","author":"DER Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040769","article-title":"Behavioural treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training","volume":"172","author":"BJ Nicklas","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref010","first-page":"9","article-title":"COVID-19, Renin-Angiotensin System and Endothelial Dysfunction.","author":"R Amraei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104370","article-title":"Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19.","volume":"127","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"pone.0283762.ref012","unstructured":"Exercise and the nitric oxide vasodilator system\u2014PubMed. 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