{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:21:48Z","timestamp":1790716908013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Severe and complex angular limb deformities in dogs require accurate morphological assessment using diagnostic imaging to achieve successful orthopedic surgery. Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to overcome projection errors in two-dimensional angular measurements of dog hindlimb alignment. Three-dimensional volume rendering (VR) techniques permit virtual positioning and variable projection, but the final CT-image that defines the projection plane for angular measurements remains two-dimensional.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We wanted to develop a true three-dimensional open-source technique to measure the alignments of the hind limbs of dogs in CT scanners.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We developed an open-source 3D Slicer plug-in, to perform angular measurements using vector calculations in three-dimensional space. In 113 CT-scans of canine pelvic limbs, femoral torsion, femoral varus, femorotibial rotation, tibial torsion, tibial varus and tibiotalar rotation angles were calculated and compared to an already validated technique using VoXim\u00ae.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Reference points were identified and measurements were possible in the 113 acquisitions. The greatest difference between the two techniques was 1.4\u00b0 at only one tibial torsion angle. Mean values for all Bland-Altman plots did not show significant differences and were less than 0.07\u00b0 for all comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on these results we considered angular measurements of canine hind limb alignment in CT scans using the 3D Slicer extension program sufficiently accurate for clinical orthopedic and surgical purposes in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>With our open-source 3D Slicer extension software, we provide a free accessible tool for veterinary orthopedic surgeons and thus we hope to improve angular measurements in CT-scans of canine hind limb deformities through true three-dimensionality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T17:21:11Z","timestamp":1711732871000},"page":"e0283823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["3D Slicer open-source software plug-in for vector-based angle calculation of canine hind limb alignment in computed tomographic images"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-0755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juliette","family":"Burg-Personnaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Z\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Br\u00fchschwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214579","article-title":"Femoral and tibial alignments in chihuahuas with patellar luxation by radiograph: Angular values and intra- and inter-observer agreement of measurements","volume":"14","author":"M. Aghapour","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0283823.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12253","article-title":"Are the fabellae bisected by the femoral cortices in a true craniocaudal pelvic limb radiograph?","volume":"55","author":"M. Aiken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref003","author":"M. Kowaleski","journal-title":"Medial Patellar Luxation: Optimizing Outcome"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-16-07-0116","article-title":"Pelvic limb alignment measured by computed tomography in purebred English Bulldogs with medial patellar luxation.","volume":"30","author":"F. Lusetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0283823.ref005","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Use of radiographic measurements in the evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation.","volume":"50","author":"A.C. Mortari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-16-12-0162","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of femoral and tibial conformation in English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with and without congenital medial patellar luxation","volume":"30","author":"M. Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283823.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-17-05-0067","article-title":"A Comparison of Angular Values of the Pelvic Limb with Normal and Medial Patellar Luxation Stifles in Chihuahua Dogs Using Radiography and Computed Tomography","volume":"31","author":"T. Phetkaew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref008","article-title":"MS, Diplomate ACVS","author":"H Ross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Corrective Femoral Osteotomy for Patellar Luxation\u2013Current State (June 2006)."},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"pone.0283823.ref009","article-title":"Comparison of canine femoral torsion measurements using the axial and biplanar methods on three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images","volume":"n\/a","author":"B.M. Serck","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0057","article-title":"Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation.","volume":"25","author":"C. Soparat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283823.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1070","article-title":"Long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy for treatment of combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation: 12 cases (1999\u20132004).","volume":"231","author":"J.K. Swiderski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-15-05-0089","article-title":"Evaluation of bone deformities of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation using computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"S. Yasukawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref013","author":"B. L\u00f6er","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref014","article-title":"The Value of CT in the Diagnosis of Torsional Deformities in the Canine Hind Limb.","author":"B. L\u00f6er","year":"1999","journal-title":"In: Abstracts From Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, Vienna, Austria, July 5\u20139th, 1999. in Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5836","article-title":"Bifocal femoral deformity correction and lengthening using a circular fixator construct in a dog.","volume":"49","author":"J.V. Coutin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-15-08-0145","article-title":"Complex angular and torsional deformities (distal femoral malunions). Preoperative planning using stereolithography and surgical correction with locking plate fixation in four dogs.","volume":"29","author":"M.D. DeTora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0283823.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0830-3","article-title":"Computer-assisted and patient-specific 3-D planning and evaluation of a single-cut rotational osteotomy for complex long-bone deformities","volume":"49","author":"J.G. Dobbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12149","article-title":"Corrective osteotomy for procurvatum deformity caused by distal femoral physeal fracture malunion stabilised with String-of-Pearls locking plates: results in two dogs and a review of the literature","volume":"92","author":"S.E. Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref019","article-title":"Bilateral pes valgus in an Anatolian Sheepdog","author":"K. Altunatmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0283823.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00388.x","article-title":"Morphology and correction of distal tibial valgus deformities","volume":"48","author":"G.H. Jaeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1989.tb01103.x","article-title":"Corrective osteotomy for pes varus in the dachshund","volume":"18","author":"S.G. Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00350.x","article-title":"Pes varus correction in Dachshunds using a hybrid external fixator","volume":"37","author":"R.M. Radasch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(83)50005-3","article-title":"Animal models of dwarfism.","volume":"13","author":"R.D. Sande","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref024","first-page":"23","article-title":"Patellar luxation in dogs","volume":"9","author":"F. Di Dona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13311","article-title":"Canine medial patellar luxation","volume":"62","author":"K.L. Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00420.x","article-title":"Treatment of medial patellar luxation by femoral closing wedge ostectomy using a distal femoral plate in four dogs","volume":"49","author":"S.P. Roch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref027","author":"O.L. Harrysson","journal-title":"Application of SFF to preoperative planning and surgical rehearsal for treatment of limb deformities in dogs"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.t01-2-.x-i1","article-title":"Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog.","volume":"34","author":"D. Apelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0283823.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00323.x","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia","volume":"36","author":"D.I. Dismukes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48247-9.00019-X","article-title":"Introduction to Radiographic Interpretation","author":"D.E. Thrall","year":"2018","journal-title":"in Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283823.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-15-06-0107","article-title":"Femoral rotation unpredictably affects radiographic anatomical lateral distal femoral angle measurements.","volume":"29","author":"J.E. Miles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283823.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12032.x","article-title":"Precision of a novel computed tomographic method for quantification of femoral varus in dogs and an assessment of the effect of femoral malpositioning.","volume":"42","author":"B. Oxley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0283823.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01059.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of distal femoral elevation on radiographic measurement of the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle","volume":"41","author":"G.M. Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-08-0127","article-title":"A comparison of anatomical lateral distal femoral angles obtained with four femoral axis methods in canine femora","volume":"28","author":"J.E. Miles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00347.x","article-title":"Comparison of radiographic and anatomic femoral varus angle measurements in normal dogs.","volume":"37","author":"J.K. Swiderski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1983.tb00693.x","article-title":"Measurement of Femoral Torsion in Dogs Using a Biplanar Method.","volume":"12","author":"J.F. Bardet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1973.tb00647.x","article-title":"Femoral Neck Anteversion in the Dog: Its Radiographic Measurement","volume":"14","author":"D.M. Nunamaker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0283823.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-09-0135","article-title":"Effects of antebrachial torsion on the measurement of angulation in the frontal plane: a cadaveric radiographic analysis","volume":"25","author":"L.A. Piras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12265.x","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of measurements of femoral and tibial alignment using computed tomography multiplanar reconstructions.","volume":"44","author":"D.M. Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283823.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00184.x","article-title":"Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog.","volume":"47","author":"R.M. Dudley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0283823.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.08.002","article-title":"Measurement of the femoral neck anteversion angle in the dog using computed tomography.","volume":"174","author":"M.M. Ginja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref042","article-title":"Evaluation of Femoral Torsion.","author":"D.J. Griffon","year":"2011","journal-title":"in ACVS-Meeting"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980060504","article-title":"Comparison of four methods for measuring femoral anteversion","volume":"6","author":"A.S. Kirby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02644-5","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of canine medial patellar luxation with femoral varus deformity using a computer model","volume":"16","author":"J. Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC veterinary research"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.014","article-title":"Automated computation of femoral angles in dogs from three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions: Comparison with manual techniques","volume":"232","author":"F. Longo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00657.x","article-title":"Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.","volume":"39","author":"A.A. Mostafa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref047","article-title":"Computation of Femoral Canine Morphometric Parameters in Three\u2010Dimensional Geometrical Models.","author":"G. Savio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"issue":"190","key":"pone.0283823.ref048","article-title":"Measurement of the Femoral Anteversion Angle in Medium and Large Dog Breeds Using Computed Tomography.","volume":"8","author":"A. Al Aiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031045","article-title":"Active Materials for 3D Printing in Small Animals: Current Modalities and Future Directions for Orthopedic Applications","volume":"23","author":"P. Memarian","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.1.19","article-title":"Associations between early radiographic and computed tomographic measures and canine hip joint osteoarthritis at maturity","volume":"76","author":"A.A. Andronescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12096.x","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of femoral torsion and correlation with computed tomographic techniques in labrador retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease.","volume":"43","author":"A.A. Mostafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref052","unstructured":"Committee, D.S., NEMA PS3 \/ ISO 12052, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Standard, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA, USA. DICOM Standards Committee: Rosslyn, VA, USA"},{"issue":"s1","key":"pone.0283823.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00328.x","article-title":"INTRODUCTION TO DICOM FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN.","volume":"49","author":"M.A. Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref054","author":"E.W. Weisstein","journal-title":"Vector. From MathWorld\u2014A Wolfram Web Resource 1999\u20132022"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283823.ref055","first-page":"e8578","article-title":"Coordinate Systems for Navigating Stereotactic Space: How Not to Get Lost","volume":"12","author":"M. Sedrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0283823.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","article-title":"3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network","volume":"30","author":"A. Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7657-3_19","volume-title":"in Intraoperative Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy","author":"R. Kikinis","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0283823.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1145\/366813.366824","article-title":"Fitting spheres by the method of least squares. Commun.","volume":"4","author":"S.M. Robinson","year":"1961","journal-title":"ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0283823.ref059","first-page":"466","article-title":"Computer-assisted surgical planning. 3-D software for the PC","volume":"104","author":"C. Dahlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283823.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-011-0032-5","article-title":"Accuracy of anatomical landmark identification using different CBCT- and MSCT-based 3D images: an in vitro study","volume":"72","author":"J. Medelnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019215","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1019215","article-title":"Introduction of a bone-centered three-dimensional coordinate system enables computed tomographic canine femoral angle measurements independent of positioning","volume":"9","author":"A. Br\u00fchschwein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"pone.0283823.ref062","author":"B. Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Luxatio patellae beim Hund\u2013Untersuchungen zum Therapieerfolg und Methodenentwicklung einer computertomographisch basierten Vermessung der Hintergliedma\u00dfe"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0283823.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1248-2556","article-title":"Deep Learning CT Image Reconstruction in Clinical Practice","volume":"193","author":"C. Arndt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0283823.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000610","article-title":"Differences in Femoral Torsion Among Various Measurement Methods Increase in Hips With Excessive Femoral Torsion","volume":"477","author":"F. Schmaranzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283823.ref065","first-page":"411","article-title":"The hip joint as an egg shape: a comprehensive study of femoral and acetabular morphologies","volume":"8","author":"D.S. Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00194-3","article-title":"Free DICOM-Viewers for Veterinary Medicine: Survey and Comparison of Functionality and User-Friendliness of Medical Imaging PACS-DICOM-Viewer Freeware for Specific Use in Veterinary Medicine Practices","volume":"33","author":"A. Br\u00fchschwein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0283823.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-019-0627-7","article-title":"3D-Druck-Template-gest\u00fctzte Reposition von Frakturen der langen R\u00f6hrenknochen","volume":"122","author":"E. Liodakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Der Unfallchirurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0283823.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-022-00535-2","article-title":"3D printed fracture reduction guides planned and printed at the point of care show high accuracy\u2013a porcine feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"A. Hecker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T17:22:01Z","timestamp":1711732921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283823"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aliah Faisal","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]}}}