{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:03Z","timestamp":1787022123104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013368","name":"J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008231","name":"Arkansas Biosciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an emerging pathogen in chickens but has been most commonly isolated from sub-clinical mastitis in bovines. Previous whole-genome analyses for known virulence genes failed to identify determinants for the switch from mild ductal infections in cattle to severe infections in poultry. We now report identification of a family of 15 kbp, 17\u201319 gene mobile genetic elements (MGEs) specific to chicken osteomyelitis and dermatitis isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These MGEs can be present in multiple copies per genome. The MGE has been vectored on a Staphylococcus phage that separately lysogenized two\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    osteomyelitis strains. The\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome from a broiler breeder case of ulcerative dermatitis contains 2 orthologs of this MGE, not associated with a prophage. BLASTn and phylogenetic analyses show that there are closely related intact MGEs found in genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The genome from a 1980s isolate from chickens in Ireland contains 3 copies of this MGE. More recent chicken isolates descended from that genome (Poland 2009, Oklahoma 2010, and Arkansas 2018) contain 2 to 4 related copies. Many of the genes of this MGE can be identified in disparate regions of the genomes of other chicken isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . BLAST searches of the NCBI databases detect no similar MGEs outside of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These MGEs encode no proteins related to those produced by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Pathogenicity Islands, which have been associated with the transition of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from human to chicken hosts. Other than mobilization functions, most of the genes in these new MGEs annotate as hypothetical proteins. The MGEs we describe appear to represent a new family of Chromosomal Islands (CIs) shared amongst\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>agnetis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further work is needed to understand the role of these CIs\/MGEs in pathogenesis. Analysis of horizontal transfer of genetic elements between isolates and species of Staphylococci provides clues to evolution of host-pathogen interactions as well as revealing critical determinants for animal welfare and human diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T13:26:25Z","timestamp":1688563585000},"page":"e0283914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Horizontal transfer of probable chicken-pathogenicity chromosomal islands between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus agnetis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-4754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas D.","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Pummil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnamdi S.","family":"Ekesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan A. 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