{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:07:35Z","timestamp":1771466855360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012471","name":"United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant no (605UU-000003011)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no (605UU-000003011)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the effect of under-five mortality, child support grant (CSG) coverage and the rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on fertility in South Africa. The study employs the quality-quantity trade-off framework to analyse the direct and indirect factors affecting fertility using the two stage least squares fixed effects instrumental variable approach. The analysis uses balanced panel data covering nine provinces from 2001\u20132016. This period was characterised by significant increases in the child support grant coverage and ART coverage. Furthermore, this period was characterised by a significant decline in the under-five mortality rate. We find no evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the CSG coverage are associated with an increase in fertility. This finding aligns with previous literature suggesting that there are no perverse incentives for childbearing associated with the child support grant. On the other hand, results indicate that an increase in ART coverage is associated with an increase in fertility. Results also show that a decrease in under-five mortality is associated with a decline in fertility over the sample period. HIV prevalence, education, real GDP per capita, marriage prevalence and contraceptive prevalence are also important determinants of fertility in South Africa. Although the scale up of ART has improved health outcomes, it also appears to have increased fertility in HIV-positive women. The ART programme should therefore be linked with further family planning initiatives to minimise unintended pregnancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T18:00:17Z","timestamp":1680631217000},"page":"e0284032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of child mortality on fertility in South Africa: Do child support grants and antiretroviral treatment matter?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-4820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mashudu Lucas","family":"Bidzha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh F.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob E.","family":"Dorrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Ngepah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talita","family":"Greyling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284032.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1086\/529000","article-title":"Disease and development: the effect of life expectancy on economic growth","volume":"115","author":"D Acemoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-009-0255-6","article-title":"Demographic transitions: analysing the effects of mortality on fertility","volume":"23","author":"L. Angeles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-008-9029-3","article-title":"Death and development.","volume":"13","author":"P Lorentzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Growth"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2012.690844","article-title":"Does health capital have differential effects on economic growth?","volume":"20","author":"A. Cooray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-012-0430-z","article-title":"Childhood disease and the precautionary demand for children","volume":"26","author":"A Aksan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1882640","article-title":"A reformulation of the economic theory of fertility","volume":"103","author":"GS Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.2.150","article-title":"From Malthusian stagnation to modern growth","volume":"89","author":"O Galor","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00302","article-title":"Long-term determinants of the demographic transition, 1870\u20132000","volume":"95","author":"F. Murtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-003X(97)80025-6","article-title":"Demand for children in low-income countries","volume":"1","author":"TP Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"In Handbook of Population and Family Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284032.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/0376835X.2012.731779","article-title":"The fertility transition in South Africa: A retrospective panel data analysis","volume":"29","author":"RP Burger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development Southern Africa"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.50.4.1051","article-title":"Women empowerment and economic development","volume":"50","author":"E. Duflo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284032.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1017\/S136510051600081X","article-title":"The fertility decline in the United States: schooling and income","volume":"22","author":"CW Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macroeconomic Dynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284032.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asieco.2012.06.005","article-title":"The effect of female HIV\/AIDS status on fertility and child health in Cambodia","volume":"23","author":"K. Okada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-007-9021-3","article-title":"In sorrow to bring forth children: fertility amidst the plaque of HIV","volume":"12","author":"A. Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Growth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746413000390","article-title":"The relationship between the child support grant and teenage fertility in post-apartheid South Africa","volume":"13","author":"EO Udjo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Policy and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/03768351003740498","article-title":"The Child Support Grant and teenage childbearing in South Africa","volume":"27","author":"M. Makiwane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Development Southern Africa"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284032.ref017","first-page":"442","article-title":"Teenage fertility rates falling in South Africa","volume":"97","author":"TA Moultrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Childbearing in the context of the child support grant in a rural area in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"N Ngubane","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/03796205.2021.1978858","article-title":"The child support grant and childbearing in South Africa: is there a case for a basic income grant?","volume":"45","author":"U. Kollamparambil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Studies in Economics and Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.11","article-title":"Why propensity scores should not be used for matching","volume":"27","author":"G King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz362","article-title":"Effect of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment on pregnancy rates in the Western Cape province of South Africa","volume":"221","author":"LF Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref022","first-page":"519492","article-title":"Associations between HIV antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda.","author":"FE Makumbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000229","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy on incidence of pregnancy among HIV-infected women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cohort study.","volume":"7","author":"L Myer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0150-0","article-title":"Incidence of pregnancy among women accessing antiretroviral therapy in urban Malawi: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"H Tweya","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS and Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800700402","article-title":"Enhanced routines for instrumental variables\/generalized method of moments estimation and testing.","volume":"7","author":"CF Baum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref026","unstructured":"Johnson LF, Dorrington RE. Thembisa version 4.3: A model for evaluating the impact of HIV\/AIDS in South Africa. Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town. https:\/\/www.thembisa.org\/. (Accessed 21 January, 2021a)."},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref027","author":"South African Social Security Agency","year":"2021","journal-title":"A statistical summary of social grants in South Africa"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0284032.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002680","article-title":"Steep declines in pediatric AIDS mortality in South Africa, despite poor progress towards pediatric diagnosis and treatment targets.","volume":"39","author":"LF Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0284032.ref029","first-page":"842","article-title":"Accounting for the full benefits of childhood vaccination in South Africa","volume":"98","author":"T B\u00e4rnighausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref030","first-page":"64","article-title":"Levels and determinants of under-five mortality in South Africa","volume":"19","author":"S. Rademeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Southern African Journal of Demography"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref031","article-title":"Estimates of National Expenditure (various years)","author":"National Treasury","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref032","unstructured":"UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic in South Africa: Country fact sheet. UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/southafrica (Accessed 15 March, 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref033","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. Revised General Household Surveys (various years). Statistics South Africa. http:\/\/superweb.statssa.gov.za\/webapi\/jsf\/dataCatalogueExplorer.xhtml (Accessed 31 August, 2020a)."},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref034","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Demographic and economic change in developed countries","author":"An economic analysis of fertility. In: Universities-National Bureau","year":"1960"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1353\/jda.2014.0039","article-title":"Determinants of fertility at the macro level: new evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"48","author":"V. Amarante","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Developing Areas"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284032.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2014.30.8","article-title":"Children are costly but raising them may pay: the economic approach to fertility","volume":"30","author":"M. Werding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref037","volume-title":"In Africa\u2019s Population: In search of a demographic dividend","author":"Springer","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref038","article-title":"Fertility and childbearing in South Africa","author":"M. Makiwane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Sciences Research Council"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/1972149","article-title":"A framework for analysing the proximate determinants of fertility","volume":"4","author":"J. Bongaarts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-011-0368-6","article-title":"AIDS, reversal of the demographic transition and economic development: Evidence from Africa","volume":"25","author":"S. Kalemli-Ozcan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200406002-00005","article-title":"The population impact of HIV on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"JJ Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472032000137808","article-title":"The South African fertility decline: Evidence from two censuses and a demographic and health survey","volume":"57","author":"TA Moultrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref043","article-title":"Easier said than done: Childbearing intentions and their realisation in a short-term perspective","author":"A Kuhnt","year":"2013","journal-title":"MPIDR Working Paper WP-2013-018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397109348676","article-title":"Explaining cross-national differences in fertility: a comparative approach to the demographic shift","volume":"44","author":"N. Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130027","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0027","article-title":"The impact of sex ratio and economic status on local birth rates","volume":"9","author":"A. Chipman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref046","article-title":"No small change: The multiple impacts of the child support grant on child and adolescent well-being","author":"A. Grinspun","year":"2016","journal-title":"(UNICEF"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2014.00675.x","article-title":"Effects of child mortality and morbidity on the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"40","author":"A. Aksan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.1978.10412796","article-title":"Effects of child mortality on subsequent fertility of women in some rural and semi-urban areas of certain Latin American countries","volume":"32","author":"TR Balakrishnan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-011-9065-2","article-title":"Life expectancy and economic growth: the role of the demographic transition","volume":"16","author":"M Cervellati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Growth"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828054201486","article-title":"Mortality reductions, educational attainment and fertility choice","volume":"95","author":"RR Soares","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2307\/146151","article-title":"The impact of welfare on young mothers\u2019 subsequent childbearing decisions","volume":"31","author":"G. Acs","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Human Resources"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/321016","article-title":"The effect of welfare payments on the marriage and fertility behaviour of unwed mothers: Results from a Twins Experiment","volume":"109","author":"J Grogger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2003.00052.x","article-title":"Family cap and nonmarital fertility: The racial conditioning of policy effects","volume":"65","author":"R Jagannathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284032.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2307\/3559016","article-title":"Is there an effect of incremental welfare benefits on fertility behaviour? A look at the family cap","volume":"39","author":"MS Kearney","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref055","volume-title":"Cash transfers: What does the evidence say? A rigorous review of programme impact and of the role of design and implementation features","author":"F Bastagli","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0248872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248872","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with fertility desire among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"X Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1353\/jda.2020.0029","article-title":"A dynamic analysis of maternal fertility choices and child health in South Africa","volume":"54","author":"A Ohonba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Developing Areas"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0900900106","article-title":"How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata","volume":"9","author":"D. Roodman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284032.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2012.01075.x","article-title":"Routes of infection: Exports and HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"E. Oster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of European Economic Association"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref060","author":"LF Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Modelling the impact of HIV in South Africa\u2019s provinces"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref061","author":"Statistics South Africa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mid-year population estimates"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref062","unstructured":"The World Bank. World development indicators. World Bank. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=ZA (Accessed 20 July, 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref063","unstructured":"Smits J, Permanyer I. The subnational human development database. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.4353632.v1 (Accessed 20 June, 2021)."},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref064","unstructured":"Health Systems Trust. Health indicators in South Africa. Health Systems Trust. https:\/\/www.hst.org.za\/healthindicators (Accessed 31 May 2020)."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0284032.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204940","article-title":"Health and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic panel data of 143 years","volume":"13","author":"R. Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref066","volume-title":"Basic econometrics","author":"DN Gujarati","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref067","volume-title":"Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data.","author":"JM Wooldridge","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2307\/1913610","article-title":"A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix.","volume":"55","author":"WK Newey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700301","article-title":"Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence","volume":"7","author":"D. Hoechle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref070","first-page":"2004","article-title":"General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels","volume":"0435","author":"M. Pesaran","journal-title":"Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1162\/003465398557825","article-title":"C. Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data","volume":"80","author":"JC Driscoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0284032.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.04.008","article-title":"Instrumental variable estimation of dynamic linear panel data models with defactored regressors and a multifactor error structure","volume":"220","author":"M Norkute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X211045558","article-title":"Instrumental-variable estimation of large-T panel-data models with common factors","volume":"21","author":"S Kripfganz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934","article-title":"A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity","volume":"48","author":"H. White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284032.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004149","article-title":"Reproductive intentions and outcomes among women on antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"J Homsy","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One8"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284032.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036039","article-title":"High incidence of unplanned pregnancy after antiretroviral therapy initiation: findings from a prospective cohort study in South Africa.","volume":"7","author":"SR Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284032.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000054","article-title":"Unplanned pregnancies among HIV-infected women in care\u2013United States","volume":"65","author":"MY Sutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"},{"issue":"140","key":"pone.0284032.ref078","article-title":"High rate of unplanned pregnancy in the context of integrated family planning and HIV care services in South Africa.","volume":"18","author":"OV Adeniyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T18:01:17Z","timestamp":1680631277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284032"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ruwan","family":"Jayathilaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}}}