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Gonococcal infection in humans does not generate an effective immune response in most cases, which contributes to both transmission of the pathogen and reinfection after treatment.\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is known to evade and suppress human immune responses through a variety of mechanisms. Commensal\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species that are closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , such as\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>lactamica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>elongata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>and N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mucosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , rarely cause disease and instead asymptomatically colonize mucosal sites for prolonged periods of time without evoking clearing immunologic responses. We have shown previously that\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibits the capacity of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Much of the suppressive effects of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    on dendritic cells can be recapitulated either by outer-membrane vesicles released from the bacteria or by purified PorB, the most abundant outer-membrane protein in\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We show here that three commensal\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>lactamica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mucosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , show a comparable capacity to suppress dendritic cell-induced T cell proliferation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    through mechanisms similar to those demonstrated previously for\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including inhibition by purified PorB. Our findings suggest that some immune-evasive properties of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are shared with commensal\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and may contribute to the ability of both pathogens and commensals to cause prolonged mucosal colonization in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T13:30:13Z","timestamp":1680874213000},"page":"e0284062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Commensal Neisseria species share immune suppressive mechanisms with Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Weiyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-1518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria X.","family":"Cardenas-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Tomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marguerite B.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-8974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284062.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"J Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284062.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0128-6","article-title":"Gonorrhoea.","volume":"5","author":"M Unemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"pone.0284062.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03187","article-title":"Human Immune Responses and the Natural History of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection","volume":"9","author":"A Lovett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284062.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009629","article-title":"Analysis of the sex ratio of reported gonorrhoea incidence in Shenzhen","volume":"6","author":"M Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"China. 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