{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:41:05Z","timestamp":1788932465751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the association between<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>seropositivity and violent behavior in a sample of inmates in Durango, Mexico. Through a cross-sectional study design, we studied 128 inmates (mean age: 35.89 \u00b1 10.51; range: 19\u201365 years). Sera of participants were analyzed for anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>IgG antibodies using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Violence was assessed by 1) the Historical, Clinical and Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) tool; 2) the type of the crime for which inmates were convicted; and 3) the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Of the 128 inmates, 17 (13.3%) had high risk of violence by the HCR-20 criteria, 72 (56.3%) were considered violent by the type of the crime committed, and 59 (46.1%) were considered violent by the AGQ. Depending on the evaluation method of violence, the seroprevalence of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>infection in violent inmates varied from 0% to 6.9%. No statistically significant difference in anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>IgG seroprevalence between violent and non-violent inmates was found (for instance by AGQ, OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.22\u20136.07;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 1.00). Mean scores of the AGQ in<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>seropositive inmates (73.67 \u00b1 29.09; 95% CI: 50.00\u201399.31) were similar to those (79.84 \u00b1 25.00; 95% CI: 75.46\u201384.27) found in<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>seronegative inmates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.55). Mean scores of anger, psychical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility in<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>seropositive inmates were similar to those found in<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>seronegative inmates. Results of this study suggest that infection with<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>is not associated with violence in inmates in Durango, Mexico. Further studies with larger sample sizes and in several correctional facilities to determine the association between<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>infection and violence in inmates are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T17:25:22Z","timestamp":1680888322000},"page":"e0284202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Survey on the association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and violent behavior in inmates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rocha-Salais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima Yazmin","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Larreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio 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