{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:47:28Z","timestamp":1792799248541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) and Prince of Songkla University","award":["SCI6505115S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCI6505115S"]}]},{"name":"the Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics provide health benefits in various aspects and are believed to modulate the immune system by balancing gut microbiota homeostasis, termed the \u201cmicrobiota-immune axis\u201d. Recent evidence supports that several <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> strains possess glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although probiotics of <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic> SD1 (SD1) and <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> SD11 (SD11) exert human oral health benefits by reducing harmful bacterial populations, their clinical application regarding hypoglycemic-related traits as well as the underlying mechanisms are still lacking. In this report, we used multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic BALB\/c mice to explore the effects of SD1 and SD11 supplementation on the regulation of markers related to T1D. Experimental mice were randomly assigned into five groups, non-STZ + V, STZ + V, STZ + SD1, STZ + SD11, and STZ + SDM (mixture of SD1 and SD11), and physiological data were measured every week. Blood and pancreas samples were collected at 4- and 8-weeks. Our results indicate that supplementation with SD1, SD11, or SDM for 8 weeks significantly improved body weights, glycemic levels, glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and lipid profiles. Probiotic administration also preserved islet integrity and increased \u03b2-cell mass in STZ-injected mice, as well as prevented infiltration of macrophages, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells into the islets. Significantly, SD1 and SD11 suppressed the levels of IL1-\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 and increased IL-10, which is concomitant with the inhibition of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9, caspase 8, proapoptotic Bax, NF-\u03baBp65, pSTAT1, and iNOS. Additionally, the survival ability of \u03b2-cells was mediated by upregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl2. We conclude that SD1 and SD11 attenuate STZ-induced diabetic mice by stabilizing glycemic levels and reducing inflammation, thereby protecting \u03b2-cells. Among the probiotic treatment groups, SD11 revealed the best results in almost all parameters, indicating its potential use for alleviating hyperglycemia-associated symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T17:25:25Z","timestamp":1681233925000},"page":"e0284303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Probiotics of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SD1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD11 attenuate inflammation and \u03b2-cell death in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3532-1405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jongdee","family":"Nopparat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pissared","family":"Khuituan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Peerakietkhajorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawee","family":"Teanpaisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0284303.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01898","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: a chronic anti-self- inflammatory response","volume":"8","author":"M Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01086","article-title":"New horizons in the treatment of type 1 diabetes: more intense immunosuppression and \u03b2-cell replacement.","volume":"9","author":"CEB Couri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876470","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.876470","article-title":"The etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes\u2014a personal, non-systematic review of possible causes, and interventions","volume":"13","author":"K. Buschard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0284303.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3043","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3043","article-title":"Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: a comprehensive review.","volume":"34","author":"P Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284303.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2150612","article-title":"Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: the immunological perspective","volume":"19","author":"E Rampanelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-018-0132-z","article-title":"Specific properties of probiotic strains: relevance and benefits for the host.","volume":"9","author":"RV Bubnov","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284303.ref007","article-title":"Gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes.","author":"H Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284303.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12575","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions and adaptive immunity","volume":"279","author":"KD McCoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284303.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-018-1660-7","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of Toll-like receptors and its roles in type 1 diabetes","volume":"96","author":"Z Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284303.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2016.57.1.5","article-title":"NOD-like receptors in infection, immunity, and diseases.","volume":"57","author":"YK Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284303.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050302","article-title":"FFAR from the gut microbiome crowd: SCFA receptors in T1D pathology.","volume":"11","author":"M Priyadarshini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2006.00259.x","article-title":"Use of polymerase chain reaction techniques and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for differentiation of oral Lactobacillus species","volume":"21","author":"R Teanpaisan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2009.00556.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus species and genotypes associated with dental caries in Thai preschool children.","volume":"25","author":"S Piwat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol.Apr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284303.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03132.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of oral Lactobacillus against oral pathogens","volume":"53","author":"R Teanpaisan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/dj3020043","article-title":"Effect of long- term consumption of Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 on reducing mutans streptococci and caries risk: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"3","author":"R Teanpaisan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0284303.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7780","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12961","article-title":"Effect of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus SD11 on oral microbiota of healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"100","author":"P Rungsri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284303.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.03.003","article-title":"Fermented milk containing a potential probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus SD11 with maltitol reduces Streptococcus mutans: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study.","volume":"15","author":"N Pahumunto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212133","article-title":"Ethanolic extracts of Pluchea indica (L.) leaf pretreatment attenuates cytokine-induced \u03b2-cell apoptosis in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"14","author":"J Nopparat","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref019","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Treatment with Pluchea indica (L.) Less. leaf ethanol extract alleviates liver injury in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB\/c mice.","volume":"20","author":"J Nopparat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284303.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098044","article-title":"Flos Puerariae extract prevents myocardial apoptosis via attenuation oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"9","author":"W Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284303.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.20662","article-title":"General considerations for sample size estimation in animal study.","volume":"74","author":"MJ Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284303.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032010000200009","article-title":"Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in the differentiation of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and healthy individuals.","volume":"47","author":"AL Salgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284303.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000161888.02244.7a","article-title":"Early manifestations in multiple-low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"30","author":"LM Karabatas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284303.ref024","first-page":"183","article-title":"Apoptosis of pancreatic \u03b2-cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"T. Tomita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0284303.ref025","article-title":"Regulation of iNOS on immune cells and its role in diseases.","volume":"19","author":"Q Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00062","article-title":"Mechanisms of macrophage polarization in insulin signaling and sensitivity.","volume":"11","author":"L Orliaguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7356173","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7356173","article-title":"Screening potential probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus brevis strains in vitro and intervention effect on type I diabetes in vivo","volume":"2018","author":"A Abdelazez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.015","article-title":"Evaluation of anti- diabetic attributes of Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC: 5957, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC: 5897 and Lactobacillus fermentum MTCC: 5898 in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"125","author":"R Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284303.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.14-116","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves glucose tolerance through alleviating ER stress and suppressing macrophage activation in db\/db mice","volume":"56","author":"KY Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00655","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 modulates the host immune responses: a double- blind, randomized trial in healthy adults.","volume":"8","author":"GE Marcial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0284303.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017178","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017178","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on \u03b2-cell function in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: protocol of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"L Groele","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0284303.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-S1-S7","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG\u2014host interactions","volume":"131","author":"ME Segers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.11.027","article-title":"The ameliorative effects of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain RS-2 on alloxan induced diabetic rats.","volume":"28","author":"N Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.08.006","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum TN627 significantly reduces complications of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats.","volume":"24","author":"W Bejar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666795","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.666795","article-title":"Islet-resident dendritic cells and macrophages in type 1 diabetes: in search of bigfoot\u2019s print","volume":"12","author":"H Zirpel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"pone.0284303.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.08.016","article-title":"Selecting probiotics with the abilities of enhancing GLP-1 to mitigate the progression of type 1 diabetes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"18","author":"SH Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T17:25:53Z","timestamp":1681233953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284303"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Abdel Moneim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}