{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T16:29:49Z","timestamp":1749745789691,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hamilton Summer Research Funds"},{"name":"Hamilton Summer Research Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52171193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52171193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Tetrahymena<\/jats:italic> are ciliated protists that have been used to study the effects of toxic chemicals, including anticancer drugs. In this study, we tested the inhibitory effects of six pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, 5\u2019-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouridine, gemcitabine, and cytarabine) on wild-type CU428 and conditional mutant NP1 <jats:italic>Tetrahymena thermophila<\/jats:italic> at room temperature and the restrictive temperature (37\u00b0C) where NP1 does not form the oral apparatus. We found that phagocytosis was not required for pyrimidine analog entry and that all tested pyrimidine analogs inhibited growth except for cytarabine. IC50 values did not significantly differ between CU428 and NP1 for the same analog at either room temperature or 37\u00b0C. To investigate the mechanism of inhibition, we used two pyrimidine bases (uracil and thymine) and three nucleosides (uridine, thymidine, and 5-methyluridine) to determine whether the inhibitory effects from the pyrimidine analogs were reversible. We found that the inhibitory effects from 5-fluorouracil could be reversed by uracil and thymine, from floxuridine could be reversed by thymidine, and from 5\u2019-deoxy-5-fluorouridine could be reversed by uracil. None of the tested nucleobases or nucleosides could reverse the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine or 5-fluorouridine. Our results suggest that the five pyrimidine analogs act on different sites to inhibit <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thermophila<\/jats:italic> growth and that nucleobases and nucleosides are metabolized differently in <jats:italic>Tetrahymena<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T17:44:44Z","timestamp":1694713484000},"page":"e0284309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of six pyrimidine analogs on the growth of Tetrahymena thermophila and their implications in pyrimidine metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zander","family":"Harpel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8065-2281","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Circelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RongHan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0284309.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81063-6","article-title":"Tetrahymena histone acetyltransferase A: a homolog to yeast Gcn5p linking histone acetylation to gene activation","volume":"84","author":"JE Brownell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0284309.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90414-7","article-title":"Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena","volume":"31","author":"K Kruger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0284309.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90170-9","article-title":"Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts","volume":"43","author":"CW Greider","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0284309.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00381-6","article-title":"Tetrahymena pyriformis: a tool for toxicological studies. 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