{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T01:59:21Z","timestamp":1776995961850,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To observe trends of diabetes and its associated risk factors from health surveys 2002\u20132017 in rural areas of Baluchistan-Pakistan and a secondary analysis based on community based health surveys of Baluchistan conducted between 2001\u201302, 2009\u201310, and 2016\u201317. A total of 4250 participants were included in this combined analysis, 2515 from 2001\u20132002, 1377 from 2009\u20132010 and 358 from 2016\u20132017 survey year. In each survey, detailed information of baseline parameters were noted on a predesigned questionnaire. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was used for diagnosis of diabetes for comparative purposes in this analysis. Cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors including hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical activity were compared. Most subjects were aged 30\u201350 years and males were found higher in 2016\u201317 compared to 2001\u201302 and 2009\u201310. Pronounced increases in BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, and family history of diabetes were observed in 2016\u201317. Diabetes prevalence was 4.2 (3.4\u20134.9), 7.8 (6.6\u20139.2) and 31.9 (26.9\u201337.4), whilst pre-diabetes was 1.7 (1.3\u20132.2), 3.6 (2.8\u20134.6) and 10.7 (7.6\u201314.9) in years 2001\u201302, 2009\u201310, and 2016\u201317, respectively. Among those aged 20-39years, prevalence of diabetes was stable from 2001\u201310 yet increased considerably between the ages of 30-39years in 2016\u201317. Throughout the observed period, rapid increases were observed in hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidaemia, however, addiction to tobacco use and alcohol intake decreased. Adjusted odd ratios showed age, marital status, education, hypertension, and family history of diabetes as associated risk factors for glycaemic dysregulation. The rural Baluchistan population is confronted with increasing trends of early onset diabetes due to highly associated CVD risk factors, especially central obesity and dyslipidaemia, raising a major public health challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T17:28:45Z","timestamp":1682011725000},"page":"e0284441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes and associated risk factors in rural Baluchistan; a secondary analysis from repeated surveys (2002\u20132017)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Abdul Basit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asher","family":"Fawwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-3360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul","family":"Basit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284441.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.4.194","article-title":"Diabetes in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284441.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(99)00017-0","article-title":"Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Baluchistan province","volume":"44","author":"AS Shera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0284441.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00430.x","article-title":"Pakistan national diabetes survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Shikarpur, Sindh Province","volume":"12","author":"AS Shera","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"pone.0284441.ref004","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation IDF atlas 10th edition, 2021. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/tenth-edition\/ [last accessed on 01-01-2022]."},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0284441.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1171","key":"pone.0284441.ref006","article-title":"Prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan: results of screen-diabetes disease registry","volume":"68","author":"K Mehmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284441.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2010.01.003","article-title":"Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in the Punjab Province of Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"AS Shera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim care diabetes"},{"key":"pone.0284441.ref008","unstructured":"Baluchistan Drought Needs Assessment (BDNA) Report. 2019. https:\/\/fscluster.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/balochistan_drought_needs_assessment.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284441.ref009","first-page":"20","article-title":"Prevalence, level and factors associated with malnutrition in children under-five years of age and their parents\u2019 awareness about children nutrition in Quetta city","volume":"6","author":"MB Bashir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284441.ref010","first-page":"65","article-title":"Study on the complications by chronic diabetes mellitus type II in Quetta Baluchistan","volume":"2","author":"MJ Buzdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0284441.ref011","unstructured":"Noncommunicable Diseases Global Monitoring Framework. https:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/ncd-tools\/indicators\/GMF_Indicator_Definitions_Version_2014.pdf. 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