{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:51:48Z","timestamp":1774896708763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European University of Atlantic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbe organisms make up approximately 60% of the earth\u2019s living matter and the human body is home to millions of microbe organisms. Microbes are microbial threats to health and may lead to several diseases in humans like toxoplasmosis and malaria. The microbiological toxoplasmosis disease in humans is widespread, with a seroprevalence of 3.6-84% in sub-Saharan Africa. This necessitates an automated approach for microbe organisms detection. The primary objective of this study is to predict microbe organisms in the human body. A novel hybrid microbes classifier (HMC) is proposed in this study which is based on a decision tree classifier and extra tree classifier using voting criteria. Experiments involve different machine learning and deep learning models for detecting ten different living microforms of life. Results suggest that the proposed HMC approach achieves a 98% accuracy score, 98% geometric mean score, 97% precision score, and 97% Cohen Kappa score. The proposed model outperforms employed models, as well as, existing state-of-the-art models. Moreover, the k-fold cross-validation corroborates the results as well. The research helps microbiologists identify the type of microbe organisms with high accuracy and prevents many diseases through early detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T17:59:12Z","timestamp":1682013552000},"page":"e0284522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Predicting microbe organisms using data of living micro forms of life and hybrid microbes classifier"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Furqan","family":"Rustam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafeez Ur Rehman","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel de la Torre","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-6496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284522.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0157-y","article-title":"Building upon current knowledge and techniques of indoor microbiology to construct the next era of theory into microorganisms, health, and the built environment","volume":"30","author":"PF Horve","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113883","article-title":"Plant resistance to disease: Using biochar to inhibit harmful microbes and absorb nutrients","author":"J Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284522.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/1600-0498.12300","article-title":"A historical and political epistemology of microbes","volume":"62","author":"F D\u2019Abramo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Centaurus"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0284522.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07781-w","article-title":"A beneficial role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in influencing the effects of silver nanoparticles on plant-microbe systems in a soil matrix","volume":"27","author":"J Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284522.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2020.148334","article-title":"Diversity of electron transport chains in anaerobic protists","volume":"1862","author":"RM Gawryluk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00432","article-title":"Bacterial membrane vesicles as mediators of microbe\u2013microbe and microbe\u2013host community interactions","volume":"11","author":"JC Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9857-9_21","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii","author":"D Fisch","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00164","article-title":"Mining the human host metabolome toward an improved understanding of malaria transmission","volume":"11","author":"R Joice Cordy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025","article-title":"Mortality patterns of toxoplasmosis and its comorbidities in Tanzania: a 10-year retrospective hospital-based survey","volume":"7","author":"LE Mboera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0284522.ref010","unstructured":"Malaria; 2022. 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