{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:32:21Z","timestamp":1790890341201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is one of the serious public health problems worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy poses problems like a high risk of maternal complications, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), and challenges in the management of drugs. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of HBV infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women who attended public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multicenter prospective cohort study with a nested case-control was conducted from January 2019 to December 2020 in 5 public hospitals with maternal and child health care services in Addis Ababa. Three hundred pregnant women whose screening results for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were positive and another 300 with negative HBsAg were involved. Laboratory test results of blood samples and structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20 software using descriptive and logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 12,138 pregnant women who screened for HBsAg as routine antenatal care (ANC), 369 (3.04%) were positive. All of the sociodemographic characteristics did not significantly differ in both the cases and the controls. Body tattooing (AOR = 1.66; 95 CI: 1.008\u20132.728), multiple sexual partners (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.604\u20133.901), family history of HBV (AOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.239\u20135.547), and sharing sharp materials (AOR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.87\u20134.87) were factors associated with increased risk of HBV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An intermediate endemicity of HBV infection was detected among pregnant women. Body tattooing, having multiple sexual partners, family history of HBV, and sharing sharp materials were significantly associated with HBV infection. Awareness creation on the mode of transmission and early screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg must be strengthened to minimize and control the spread of the infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T17:45:42Z","timestamp":1682531142000},"page":"e0284646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Risk factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-9163","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mebrihit Arefaine","family":"Tesfu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilahun Teklehaymanot","family":"Habtemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nega Berhe","family":"Belay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0284646.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis B key facts. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b. June 2022."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref002","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis: report by the Secretariat","author":"World Health Assembly","year":"2009"},{"issue":"s1","key":"pone.0284646.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00098.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes","volume":"37","author":"A Kramvis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref004","first-page":"605611","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus: challenges and solutions.","volume":"6","author":"I Gentile","year":"2014","journal-title":"IntJWomensHealth."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0437-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti HCV antibody and its associated risk factors among pregnant women attending maternity ward of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"12","author":"S Molla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.1.4","article-title":"Case-control study to evaluate risk factors for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Egypt.","volume":"16","author":"M Talaat","year":"2010","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0284646.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232653","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in public hospitals of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"B Bancha","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0284646.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079642","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge and practice towards hepatitis B among medical and health science students in Haramaya University, Ethiopia.","volume":"8","author":"YM Mesfin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328358b0bb","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in an adult population in Romania: a nationwide survey.","volume":"25","author":"Lianaa Gheorghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0284646.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14738\/abr.511.3876","article-title":"prevalence of Hepatitis B and Its Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Mogadishu, Somalia","volume":"5","author":"HA Dahie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Business Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4561-0","article-title":"Risk factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Felegehiwot referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: an institution based cross-sectional study.","volume":"12","author":"G Gedefaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Dionne-Odom J, Tita AT, Silverman NS. #38: Hepatitis B in pregnancy screening, treatment, and prevention of vertical transmission.AmJObstetGynecol.2016; 214(1):6-14. doi: 10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.100 Epub 2015 Oct 8. 26454123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.100"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284646.ref013","first-page":"92","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infection during Pregnancy: Transmission and Prevention.","volume":"3","author":"B Navabakhsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis."},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0284646.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001800","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus: propositions and future directions","volume":"134","author":"JF Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2090-1","article-title":"Hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Y Belyhun","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284646.ref016","first-page":"e3703","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Iran: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"I Moghaddasifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cancer Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3883-9","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus sero-prevalence amongst pregnant women in the Gambia","volume":"19","author":"M Bittaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284646.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232208","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among pregnant women at Korle-BuTeachingHospital,Ghana.","volume":"15","author":"BA Dortey","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoSONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref019","first-page":"00191","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Seromarkers among Pregnant Women in Eritrea","volume":"6","author":"N Fessehaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"JHumVirolRetrovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3658-9","article-title":"Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infections in young women seeking abortion care in Ethiopia: A cross -Sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"W Mulu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref021","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Selected Health Facilities in East WollegaZone,WestOromia,Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"R Dabsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMedResearchInternational"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref022","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Predictors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Routine Antenatal Care in Arba Minch Hospital, South Ethiopia","author":"T Yohanes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepat Res Treat"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0284646.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0420.1000436","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attended Antenatal Care Services in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia.","volume":"07","author":"G Tiruye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Women\u2019s Health Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0284646.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166936","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infections and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at DederHospital,EasternEthiopia","volume":"11","author":"A Umare","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoSONE"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref025","first-page":"38","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in southern Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"7","author":"Y Metaferia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus and associated factors among pregnant women in Gambella hospital, South Western Ethiopia: Facility based cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"AT Tanga","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMCInfectDis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284646.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00340-3","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Mother- To-Child Transmission, and Associated Risk Factors Among Delivering Mothers in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. I","volume":"9","author":"KG Kiros","year":"2020","journal-title":"nfect Dis Ther."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref028","unstructured":"World Population Review. Addis Ababa Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).Retrieved Aug 10, 2022, from https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/world-cities\/addis-ababa-population."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284646.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4314\/njp.v43i3.9","article-title":"Prevention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria: A call to action.","volume":"43","author":"C Eke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-239","article-title":"Seroprevalence and transmission of Hepatitis B virus among delivering women and their newborn in selected health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"7","author":"D Tegegne","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v19i1.9970","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HBsAg and its risk factors among pregnant women in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"M Awole","year":"2005","journal-title":".Ethiopian Journal of Health Development"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3243","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women in Arab and African Countries.","volume":"7","author":"GI Gasim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref033","article-title":"Prevalence, Infectivity, and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus among Pregnant Women in Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia: Implication of Screening to Control Mother-to-Child Transmission","volume":"8","author":"A Amsalu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pregnancy"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.482580","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria.","volume":"89","author":"KA Rabiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet GynecolScand"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.659","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among adults patients at Dessie referral and Kemise general hospitals in northeastern Ethiopia.","volume":"5","author":"H Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"HealthSci.Rep."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2022.1412084","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B among the Population at Algamosi Locality, GeziraState,Sudan","volume":"14","author":"YAG Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284646.ref037","first-page":"32","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis surface antigen among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the northwest region of Cameroon.","volume":"4","author":"LE Abongwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05221-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B infection among the hill tribe adult population in Thailand: a cross- sectional study.","volume":"20","author":"P Upala","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-016-0211-3","article-title":"Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among pregnant women in resource-limited high endemic setting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: implications for prevention and control measures","volume":"21","author":"Z Desalegn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S280806","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women Presented to Antenatal Care Clinics at Adigrat General Hospital in Northern Ethiopia.","volume":"13","author":"H Kinfe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref041","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C Viruses Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women attending antenatal care in hospitals in the Amhara Nationalstate,Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"M Dagnew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S259375","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors among Adults in Southwest Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.","volume":"13","author":"AS Belay","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of General Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284646.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18552","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors in IrulaTribal Population.","volume":"10","author":"R Dinesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284646.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170043","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatitis B transmission in South Brazil","volume":"112","author":"VRZB Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro."},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00686-1","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in east Africa: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020.","volume":"79","author":"HM Kafeero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4013-4","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and its associated factors in Rwanda.","volume":"19","author":"JD Makuza","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0284646.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-190","article-title":"Risk factors of hepatitis B transmission in northern Palestine: a case\u2013control study.","volume":"7","author":"Z Nazzal","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:41:41Z","timestamp":1702305701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284646"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yury E.","family":"Khudyakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]}}}