{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:51:04Z","timestamp":1774659064537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 42076162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42076162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoons or upwelling are thought to promote higher phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>) concentration in many previous studies. However, the combined effects of typhoons and upwelling have been less studied in the South China Sea. Based on satellite remote sensing data, we investigated potential contributions of temperature-characterizing upwelling and typhoon events to Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> changes in the Hainan northeast area. Results showed that the Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> concentration was 0.80 mg m<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup> at the coastal upwelling index (CUI) of 1.7\u00b0C in the summer of 2020 when there were no typhoons crossing the area. The CUI (1.01\u00b0C) of typhoon-influenced period in 2019 was 0.21\u00b0C higher than that of typhoon-free period in 2019. And the Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> also increased from 0.70 mg m<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup> to 0.99 mg m<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>. In comparison, during the typhoon-free period, with the higher CUI, there was the higher concentration of Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>. In addition, the typhoon affected Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> concentration is significantly higher than that in the other two typhoon-free periods of 2019 and 2020. Though the typhoon has a limited effect on the upwelling intensity, the Chl-a concentration is much higher than when the upwelling acts alone. This is due to the combined effect of typhoon (vertical mixing and runoff) and upwelling. The above results indicate that upwelling dominated the changes in Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> concentration in the Hainan northeast upwelling area during the typhoon-free period. In contrast, strong vertical mixing and runoff dominated the changes of Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> concentration during the typhoon-influenced period in the above area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T18:32:43Z","timestamp":1682015563000},"page":"e0284689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of typhoon and upwelling on Chlorophyll-a distribution in the northeastern coast of Hainan during Summer"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6534-0798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haiyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3561-5251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284689.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-016-5147-5","article-title":"Modelling the upwelling offthe east Hainan Island coast in summer 2010.","volume":"34","author":"P Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oceanol Limnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-016-0934-2","article-title":"Observation of summertime upwelling off the eastern and northeastern coasts of Hainan Island, China.","volume":"66","author":"P Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000505","article-title":"Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas","volume":"54","author":"J Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revi Geophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.11.008","article-title":"Numerical study on the summer upwelling system in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea","volume":"29","author":"ZY Jing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284689.ref005","first-page":"35","article-title":"Overview of studies on Qiongdong upwelling","volume":"31","author":"LL Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF TROPICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref006","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Wind-induced winter mixing enhances primary productivity in the South China Sea","volume":"123","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Oceans"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2022.104677","article-title":"Modeling contemporary and future dimethylsulfide flux in the eastern China marginal seas","volume":"237","author":"B Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0284689.ref008","first-page":"1889","article-title":"Impact of monsoons on phytoplankton diversity in the coastal waters of Goa, India.","volume":"48","author":"A Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Geo-Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref009","first-page":"15","article-title":"Interannual variability of chlorophyll-a and its response to El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation and upwelling in the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea","volume":"160","author":"X Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284689.ref010","first-page":"729","article-title":"A coupled physical-biological model for simulating the effects of river runoff on phytoplankton dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"25","author":"Y. Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Model Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1706.1","article-title":"Dynamics of coastal meta-ecosystems: the intermittent upwelling hypothesis and a test in rocky intertidal regions","volume":"83","author":"BA Menge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"issue":"3901","key":"pone.0284689.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3901.72","article-title":"Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea","volume":"166","author":"JH Ryther","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2020.103470","article-title":"Phytoplankton bloom triggered by eddy-wind interaction in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island.","volume":"214","author":"Q Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mar Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.01.037","article-title":"Distribution of chlorophyll and harmful algal blooms (HABs): A review on space based studies in the coastal environments of Chinese marginal seas.","volume":"41","author":"G Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Space Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref015","first-page":"267","article-title":"On the lowest surface water temperature areaof china sea in summer\u2014the upwelling along the east cosat of hainan island.","volume":"21","author":"WY Han","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref016","first-page":"101394","article-title":"Impacts of the unique landfall Typhoons Damrey on chlorophyll-a in the Yellow Sea off Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"39","author":"H Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Stud Mar Sci"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920825","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.920825","article-title":"Impact of Typhoon on Coastal Upwelling Off The Eastern Hainan Island: A Case Study of Typhoon Rammasun (2014).","volume":"9","author":"B Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fron Mar Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NHAZ.0000023360.37260.5b","article-title":"Impact of a tropical cyclone on coastal upwelling processes.","volume":"31","author":"AD Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Hazards."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref019","first-page":"213","article-title":"Notes on response of coastal waters to typhoon passage. Response of Daya Bay hydrological conditions to Typhoons No.8708 and No.8710","volume":"13","author":"L Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Oceanography"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284689.ref020","first-page":"11","article-title":"Study on coastal upwelling in eastern Hainan Island and western Guangdong in summer, 2006.","volume":"35","author":"JD Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haiyang Xuebao."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref021","first-page":"39","article-title":"Overview of typhoon activities over western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2021","volume":"42","author":"YC Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Meteorology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284689.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-021-1934-8","article-title":"Responses of nutrient biogeochemistry and nitrogen cycle to seasonal upwelling in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island.","volume":"41","author":"N Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-017-0567-0","article-title":"A new prediction model of daily weather elements in Hainan province under the typhoon weather.","volume":"131","author":"R Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meteorology Atmos Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-020-00170-8","article-title":"Upper ocean response to tropical cyclones: a review.","volume":"8","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0284689.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.002","article-title":"Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues.","volume":"114","author":"S Maritorena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740130","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.740130","article-title":"Summer Phytoplankton Blooms Induced by Upwelling in the Western South China Sea.","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00119.1","article-title":"An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database","volume":"31","author":"M Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Atmos Ocean Tech"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2017.10.005","article-title":"Coastal upwelling south of Madagascar: Temporal and spatial variability.","volume":"178","author":"JD Ramanantsoa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Marine Syst"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref029","article-title":"Study on Upwelling at the Top of Liaodong Peninsula Based on Multi source Data.","author":"R. Zhang","journal-title":"Thesis. Dalian Ocean University"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.02.010","article-title":"Upwelling in the Baltic Sea\u2014A review.","volume":"74","author":"A Lehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Marine Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref031","first-page":"012014","article-title":"Correlation analysis of environmental factors and agricultural output in China based on Pearson correlation coefficient.","volume":"322","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref032","first-page":"1439865","article-title":"The use of Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient for the assessment of relationships between continuous variables","volume":"13","author":"M. Moussa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0284689.ref033","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Characteristicsofsummer climate change and its response to El Ni\u00f1o in InnerMongolia during the past 60 years.","volume":"38","author":"RC Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arid Zone Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.31497\/zrzyxb.20220316","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of summer precipitation in China based on ENSO development process","volume":"37","author":"JP He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Resources"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0284689.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-018-1260-y","article-title":"The cruise observation of turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the summer of 2012.","volume":"37","author":"M Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol Sin"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0284689.ref036","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Response of Phytoplankton Community Structure and Primary Productivity to Typhoon-Generated Turbulence in the Southern East China Sea","volume":"30","author":"JJ Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref037","first-page":"111","article-title":"Influence of Typhoon Soulik on Hydrography and Phytoplankton Biomass in the Subtropical East China Sea.","author":"YL Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mar Syst."},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impacts of Typhoon-Induced Mixing and Nutrient Upwelling on Phytoplankton Size Structure in the Southern East China Sea","volume":"70","author":"CT Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"issue":"C3","key":"pone.0284689.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC001938","article-title":"Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert.","volume":"109","author":"SM Babin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Geophys Res-Oceans"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08477","article-title":"Strong enhancement of chlorophyll a concentration by a weak typhoon.","volume":"404","author":"L Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar Ecol-Prog Ser"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284689.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-1196-3","article-title":"Rainfall-Runoff Prediction Using Dynamic Typhoon Information and Surface Weather Characteristic Considering Monsoon Effects.","volume":"30","author":"CC Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag."},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3354\/meps333061","article-title":"Offshore and nearshore chlorophyll increases induced by typhoon winds and subsequent terrestrial rainwater runoff","volume":"333","author":"GM Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref043","article-title":"Phosphorus and silicon along ecosystems of east Hainan","author":"Y. W. Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thesis, Ocean University of China."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0284689.ref044","first-page":"9053","article-title":"Upper ocean responses to typhoons in the western North Pacific: The role of vertical mixing","volume":"124","author":"J Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Oceans"},{"issue":"C6","key":"pone.0284689.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13991","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900035","article-title":"Response of the South China Sea to Tropical Cyclone Ernie 1996.","volume":"105","author":"PC Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Geophys Res-Oceans."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284689.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4321-z","article-title":"Responses of Guangdong coastal upwelling to the summertime typhoons of 2006.","volume":"55","author":"A Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci China Earth Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0284689.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.1.0001","article-title":"Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration","volume":"42","author":"MJ Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0284689.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246207","article-title":"Possible Mechanism of Phytoplankton Blooms at the Sea Surface after Tropical Cyclones.","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens-Basel."},{"key":"pone.0284689.ref049","unstructured":"Pawlowicz R. \"M_Map: A mapping package for MATLAB\", version 1.4m, Matlab R2021b, available online at www.eoas.ubc.ca\/~rich\/map.html."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T18:33:16Z","timestamp":1682015596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284689"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yiguo","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}