{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:18:40Z","timestamp":1747196320853,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the prevalence, distribution and trends of refractive error from ophthalmic lens manufacturing data over a ten-year period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Fully anonymized data from ophthalmic lenses, for the years between 2010 and 2020, provided by the leading ophthalmic lens manufacturer operating in Portugal were analysed (no human participants were involved in the research). Prescriptions delivered were divided in single vision prescriptions and progressive\/multifocal prescriptions and categorized into 14 spherical equivalent ranges. Given the lack of absolute values, indirect estimates and a qualitative analysis of the current situation and trends on refractive error epidemiology was carried out.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dataset from manufacturer comprises percentage values of ophthalmic lenses dispensed in Portugal. The distribution of ophthalmic prescriptions for single vision prescriptions presents most of the observations in the range [-1.49, -0.50] diopters, in every year from 2010 to 2020. For the progressive prescription\u2019s lenses, most of the observations is in an interval of two ranges, [0.50, 1.49] and [1.50, 2.99] diopters. From 2010 to 2020 the proportion of single vision ophthalmic lens prescriptions for myopia increased from 38.13% to 46.21%; the proportion for high myopia increased from 2.76% to 4.45%; and the proportion for hyperopia decreased from 40.85% to 31.36%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ophthalmic lens manufacturing data can be a valuable source for long-term analysis of refractive error prescription and trends over time. It was possible to observe a trend of increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia from 40.89% in 2010 to 50.66% in 2020. That increase trend has important implications for public health and in the planning of services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T17:34:21Z","timestamp":1682098461000},"page":"e0284703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of refractive error in Portugal estimated from ophthalmic lens manufacturing data: Ten-years analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-0095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vera L.","family":"Alves Carneiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0284703.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","article-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020.","volume":"9","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"pone.0284703.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30329-2","article-title":"Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial.","volume":"6","author":"PA Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0284703.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.104034","article-title":"Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error","volume":"90","author":"T Fricke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0284703.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.055673","article-title":"Potential lost productivity resulting from the global burden of uncorrected refractive error","volume":"87","author":"T Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0284703.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; 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