{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:27:05Z","timestamp":1787585225415,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chocolate, as a cocoa-derived product rich in flavanols, has been used for medical and anti-inflammatory purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if the ingestion of different percentages of cocoa products affects the experimentally induced pain caused by intramuscular hypertonic saline injections in the masseter muscle of healthy men and women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This experimental randomized, double-blind, and controlled study included 15 young, healthy, and pain-free men and 15 age-matched women and involved three visits with at least a 1-week washout. Pain was induced twice at each visit with intramuscular injections of 0.2 mL hypertonic saline (5%), before and after intake of one of the different chocolate types: white (30% cocoa content), milk (34% cocoa content), and dark (70% cocoa content). Pain duration, pain area, peak pain, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed every fifth minute after each injection, up until 30 min after the initial injection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using IBM\u00ae SPSS (Version 27); significance level was set to <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study showed that intake of chocolate, no matter the type, reduced the induced pain intensity significantly more than no intake of chocolate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05, Tukey test). There were no differences between the chocolate types. Further, men showed a significantly greater pain reduction than women after intake of white chocolate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05, Tukey test). No other differences between pain characteristics or sexes were revealed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intake of chocolate before a painful stimulus had a pain-reducing effect no matter the cocoa concentration. The results indicate that perhaps it is not the cocoa concentration (e.g., flavanols) alone that explains the positive effect on pain, but likely a combination of preference and taste-experience. Another possible explanation could be the composition of the chocolate, i.e. the concentration of the other ingredients such as sugar, soy, and vanilla.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:<\/jats:bold> NCT05378984.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T17:21:11Z","timestamp":1684948871000},"page":"e0284769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chocolate intake and muscle pain sensation: A randomized experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hajati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Brondani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Angerstig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9351-1517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-3046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda","family":"Liljeblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam Ahmed","family":"Al-Moraissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Louca Jounger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Brondani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8199-7863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Christidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0284769.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-770","article-title":"Pain as a global public health priority","volume":"11","author":"DS Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0284769.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.05.008","article-title":"Muscle fatigue increases the probability of developing hyperalgesia in mice","volume":"8","author":"T Yokoyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0284769.ref003","first-page":"129","article-title":"Cephalalgia","volume":"40","author":"International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (ICOP)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0284769.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2017.08.002","article-title":"The Role of Pain Classification Systems in Pain Management.","volume":"29","author":"PM Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284769.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.04.007","article-title":"New concepts of pain","volume":"33","author":"AP Trouvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0284769.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1906.sp001139","article-title":"Observations on the scratch-reflex in the spinal dog","volume":"34","author":"CS Sherrington","year":"1906","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0284769.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.016","article-title":"Nociceptors\u2014noxious stimulus detectors","volume":"55","author":"CJ Woolf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0284769.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","article-title":"A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11","volume":"156","author":"RD Treede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0284769.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740600865980","article-title":"Fundamentals of muscle pain, referred pain, and deep tissue hyperalgesia","volume":"122","author":"T. 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