{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:23:22Z","timestamp":1768695802235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K19928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K19928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21HA2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21HA2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K10467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although rubella is an infectious disease that can be prevented by vaccination, there have been periodic epidemics in Japan, mainly among adult males. One of the reasons for this is the lack of interest in vaccination among the target adult male population. To clarify the reality of the discussion about rubella and provide basic resource for enlightening activities for rubella prevention, we collected and analyzed Twitter posts about rubella in Japanese between January 2010 and May 2022. We examined time series, number of tweets per account, tweeted contents, and retweet network. We found that the weekly number of rubella reports and the number of Twitter posts fluctuate simultaneously. During the 2018 rubella epidemic, the number of tweets increased due to the start of the rubella routine vaccination program and the use of cartoons to raise awareness. While 80% of the accounts posted three times or fewer during the period, some accounts posted multiple times per day for more than 12 years. Medical terms such as vaccines and antibodies were frequently used in the tweet contexts. In the retweet activity, a variety of actors, including mass media, medical professionals, and even rubella sufferers, contributed to disseminate rubella-related information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T18:28:41Z","timestamp":1683570521000},"page":"e0285101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["12-year observation of tweets about rubella in Japan: A retrospective infodemiology study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8670-1024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yukie","family":"Sano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0285101.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.076","article-title":"Development of the rubella vaccine and vaccination strategy in Japan","volume":"27","author":"K Ueda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref002","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Epidemiological information on rubella (in Japanese); 2022. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/images\/epi\/rubella\/2022\/rubella220518.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref003","volume-title":"Report on the results of a follow-up study of 45 cases of congenital rubella syndrome born between 2012 and 2014 (in Japanese)","author":"M Kanai","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285101.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231966","article-title":"Conjunctivitis, the key clinical characteristic of adult rubella in Japan during two large outbreaks, 2012\u20132013 and 2018\u20132019","volume":"15","author":"H Nomoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref005","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Guidelines for prevention of specific infectious diseases related to rubella (in Japanese); 2014. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku\/0000186690.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref006","unstructured":"Notification: Further thoroughness of measures to prevent outbreaks of congenital rubella syndrome (in Japanese). National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan; 2013. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/ja\/iasr-sp\/2250-related-articles\/related-articles-398\/3417-dj3982.html."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285101.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129900","article-title":"A socio-demographic examination of adults responding to governmental vaccination recommendations during the Japanese rubella outbreak of 2013","volume":"10","author":"A Hori","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref008","unstructured":"U.S. CDC warns pregnant women against traveling to Japan amid rubella outbreak. The Japan Times. 2018 Oct 24 [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2018\/10\/24\/national\/science-health\/u-s-cdc-warns-pregnant-women-traveling-japan-amid-rubella-outbreak\/."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref009","volume-title":"The fifth routine immunization phase so far and future after the 2018 rubella outbreak (in Japanese)","author":"H Kato","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref010","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Additional measures for rubella (in Japanese); 2022. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/kenkou_iryou\/kenkou\/kekkaku-kansenshou\/rubella\/index_00001.html."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref011","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Measures to improve the implementation rate of rubella countermeasures (antibody testing) (in Japanese); 2020. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10906000\/000590968.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref012","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Current status of additional measures regarding rubella (in Japanese); 2021. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10906000\/000868298.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref013","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Minutes of the 46th meeting of the basic immunization policy subcommittee on immunization and vaccine \/ the 57th meeting of the subcommittee on infectious diseases of the health sciences council (joint meeting) (in Japanese); 2021. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/newpage_23317.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285101.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-01002-7","article-title":"Factors associated with adults\u2019 actions to confirm their own rubella immune status in Japan\u2019s drive toward rubella elimination: cross-sectional online survey of non-healthcare workers in their 20s to 40s","volume":"26","author":"M Norizuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285101.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10340-8","article-title":"Factors associated with participation in an ongoing national catch-up campaign against rubella: a cross-sectional internet survey among 1680 adult men in Japan","volume":"21","author":"A Hori","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285101.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3863","article-title":"Disease detection or public opinion reflection? Content analysis of tweets, other social media, and online newspapers during the measles outbreak in The Netherlands in 2013","volume":"17","author":"L Mollema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0285101.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.044","article-title":"Effective vaccine communication during the disneyland measles outbreak","volume":"34","author":"DA Broniatowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285101.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5059","article-title":"The measles vaccination narrative in Twitter: a quantitative analysis","volume":"2","author":"J Radzikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0285101.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.086","article-title":"Temporal trends in anti-vaccine discourse on Twitter","volume":"37","author":"K Gunaratne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossard A, Morales GDF, Kalimeri K, Mejova Y, Paolotti D, Starnini M. Falling into the echo chamber: the Italian vaccination debate on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. vol. 14; 2020. p. 130\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v14i1.7285"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0285101.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253569","article-title":"Evidence of disorientation towards immunization on online social media after contrasting political communication on vaccines. Results from an analysis of Twitter data in Italy","volume":"16","author":"S Ajovalasit","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285101.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458217740723","article-title":"Facebook and Twitter vaccine sentiment in response to measles outbreaks","volume":"25","author":"MS Deiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0285101.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30150","DOI":"10.2196\/30150","article-title":"Social media sharing of articles about measles in a European context: text analysis study","volume":"23","author":"D Wawrzuta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285101.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4343","article-title":"Associations between exposure to and expression of negative opinions about human papillomavirus vaccines on social media: an observational study","volume":"17","author":"AG Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0285101.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6045","article-title":"Characterizing Twitter discussions about HPV vaccines using topic modeling and community detection","volume":"18","author":"D Surian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0285101.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10244","DOI":"10.2196\/10244","article-title":"Discordance between human papillomavirus Twitter images and disparities in human papillomavirus risk and disease in the United States: mixed-methods analysis","volume":"20","author":"Y Lama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285101.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6747-8","article-title":"How did Ebola information spread on twitter: broadcasting or viral spreading?","volume":"19","author":"H Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285101.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515608733","article-title":"Topic-based content and sentiment analysis of Ebola virus on Twitter and in the news","volume":"42","author":"EHJ Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inf Sci Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285101.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.6925","article-title":"Zika in Twitter: temporal variations of locations, actors, and concepts","volume":"3","author":"A Stefanidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0285101.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.04.253","article-title":"How people react to Zika virus outbreaks on Twitter? A computational content analysis","volume":"44","author":"KW Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"10225","key":"pone.0285101.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X","article-title":"How to fight an infodemic","volume":"395","author":"J Zarocostas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0285101.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30565-X","article-title":"The COVID-19 infodemic","volume":"20","author":"Diseases The Lancet Infectious","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285101.ref033","first-page":"444","article-title":"Combatting infodemics for a sustainable healthcare system","volume":"68","author":"S Saeki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285101.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.347","article-title":"Social network analysis of COVID-19 public discourse on Twitter: implications for risk communication","volume":"16","author":"P Pascual-Ferr\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref035","unstructured":"Ministry of International Affairs and Communications. 2021 White paper on information and communications in Japan; 2022."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref036","unstructured":"Twitter Japan. The number of monthly users in Japan has exceeded 45 million. (in Japanese); 2017. [Cited 2022 October 25]. Available from: https:\/\/twitter.com\/TwitterJP\/status\/923671036758958080."},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref037","unstructured":"Sato T, Hashimoto T, Okumura M. Implementation of a word segmentation dictionary called mecab-ipadic-NEologd and study on how to use it effectively for information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-three Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing. The Association for Natural Language Processing; 2017. p. NLP2017\u2013B6\u20131."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285101.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085777","article-title":"Powerlaw: a python package for analysis of heavy-tailed distributions","volume":"9","author":"J Alstott","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108653947","volume-title":"A first course in network science","author":"F Menczer","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0285101.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3532","article-title":"The reliability of tweets as a supplementary method of seasonal influenza surveillance","volume":"16","author":"AA Aslam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Quincey E, Kyriacou T, Pantin T. #hayfever; a longitudinal study into hay fever related tweets in the UK. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Digital Health Conference. DH\u201916. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2016. p. 85\u201389.","DOI":"10.1145\/2896338.2896342"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285101.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33941","DOI":"10.2196\/33941","article-title":"Exploring relationships between tweet numbers and over-the-counter drug sales for allergic rhinitis: retrospective analysis","volume":"6","author":"S Wakamiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"pone.0285101.ref043","unstructured":"Institute for Information and Communications Policy, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan; 2022. Survey on information and communication media usage time and information behavior in FY2021."},{"issue":"Jan","key":"pone.0285101.ref044","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285101.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x","article-title":"Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexicon","volume":"29","author":"SM Mohammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Intell"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294796","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T18:29:11Z","timestamp":1683570551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285101"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jafar","family":"Kolahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285101","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294796","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}}}