{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:40:01Z","timestamp":1788345601212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Algal extracts are sources of bioactive substances with applications in the development of novel alternative drugs against several diseases, including trichomoniasis sexually transmitted infection caused by <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>. Factors such as clinical failures and resistant strains limit the success of the existing drugs available for treating this disease. Therefore, searching for viable alternatives to these drugs is essential for the treatment of this disease. The present study was conducted for, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> characterization of extracts obtained from marine macroalgae <jats:italic>Gigartina skottsbergii<\/jats:italic> at stages gametophidic, cystocarpic, and tetrasporophidic. In addition, antiparasitic activity of these extracts against the ATCC 30236 isolate of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, their cytotoxicity, and gene expression of trophozoites after treatment were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and 50% inhibition concentration were determined for each extract. Results: <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> analysis of the extracts\u2019 anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> activity revealed an inhibitory effect of 100%, 89.61%, and 86.95% for <jats:italic>Gigartina skottsbergii<\/jats:italic> at stages gametophidic, cystocarpic, and tetrasporophidic, respectively, at 100 \u03bcg\/mL. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> analysis revealed the interactions between constituents of the extracts and enzymes from <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, with significant free energy values obtained for the binding. None of the extract concentrations exhibited cytotoxic effects on VERO cell line compared to control, while cytotoxicity on HMVII vaginal epithelial cells line was observed at 100 \u03bcg\/mL (30% inhibition). Gene expression analysis revealed differences in the expression profile of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> enzymes between the extract-treated and control groups. According to these results, <jats:italic>Gigartina skottsbergii<\/jats:italic> extracts exhibited satisfactory antiparasitic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T18:27:18Z","timestamp":1683570438000},"page":"e0285426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bioprospection of the trichomonacidal activity of lipid extracts derived from marine macroalgae Gigartina skottsbergii"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tallyson Nogueira","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Thais de Oliveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0487-5579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Sena-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico Schmitt","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Severo Sabedra","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Kommling","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Veiras","family":"Collares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Martin Pereira","family":"de Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-0059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sibele","family":"Borsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0285426.ref001","article-title":"Natural products as modulators of sirtuins","volume":"25","author":"BK Mayack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0285426.ref002","article-title":"Natural Products Targeting the Mitochondria in Cancers","volume":"26","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0285426.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112444","article-title":"Impact of natural products on the cholesterol transporter ABCA1","volume":"249","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0285426.ref004","article-title":"Marine natural products: A source of novel anticancer drugs","volume":"17","author":"SAM Khalifa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0285426.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.11.010","article-title":"Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan prepared from red seaweed (Gigartina skottsbergii) against BoHV-1 and SuHV-1","volume":"98","author":"J V. 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