{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T12:47:48Z","timestamp":1744894068011,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009379","name":"Interdisziplin\u00e4res Zentrum f\u00fcr Klinische Forschung, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z-02CSP\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-02CSP\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We developed a novel human cadaveric perfusion model with continuous extracorporeal femoral perfusion suitable for performing intra-individual comparison studies, training of interventional procedures and preclinical testing of endovascular devices. Objective of this study was to introduce the techniques and evaluate the feasibility for realistic computed tomography angiography (CTA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) including vascular interventions, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The establishment of the extracorporeal perfusion was attempted using one formalin-fixed and five fresh-frozen human cadavers. In all specimens, the common femoral and popliteal arteries were prepared, introducer sheaths inserted, and perfusion established by a peristaltic pump. Subsequently, we performed CTA and bilateral DSA in five cadavers and IVUS on both legs of four donors. Examination time without unintentional interruption was measured both with and without non-contrast planning CT. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting was performed by two interventional radiologists on nine extremities (five donors) using a broad spectrum of different intravascular devices.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The perfusion of the upper leg arteries was successfully established in all fresh-frozen but not in the formalin-fixed cadaver. The experimental setup generated a stable circulation in each procedure (ten upper legs) for a period of more than six hours. Images acquired with CT, DSA and IVUS offered a realistic impression and enabled the sufficient visualization of all examined vessel segments. Arterial cannulating, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as well as stent deployment were feasible in a way that is comparable to a vascular intervention in vivo. The perfusion model allowed for introduction and testing of previously not used devices.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The continuous femoral perfusion model can be established with moderate effort, works stable, and is utilizable for medical imaging of the peripheral arterial system using CTA, DSA and IVUS. Therefore, it appears suitable for research studies, developing skills in interventional procedures and testing of new or unfamiliar vascular devices.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T17:56:27Z","timestamp":1684864587000},"page":"e0285810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Continuous extracorporeal femoral perfusion model for intravascular ultrasound, computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2565-8111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philipp","family":"Gruschwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-9172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viktor","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Kleefeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Lichthardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-3257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henner","family":"Huflage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-1620","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan-Peter","family":"Grunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Augustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Erg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten Alexander","family":"Bley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Petritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0285810.ref001","first-page":"2058460117717765","article-title":"Dual-energy computed tomography angiography. 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An in Vitro Phantom Study","volume":"16","author":"A Almutairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285810.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180115000079","article-title":"The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation","volume":"24","author":"A Akhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics: CQ: the international journal of healthcare ethics committees"},{"key":"pone.0285810.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2017.01.024","article-title":"Design of a Pulsatile Fresh Frozen Human Cadaver Circulation Model for Endovascular Training","volume":"44","author":"C Nesbitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of vascular surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285810.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.114214","article-title":"A human cadaveric circulation model","volume":"33","author":"HE Garrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of vascular surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285810.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22357","article-title":"Postmortem circulation. 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