{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1765357362318,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya is an arboviral disease causing arthralgia which may develop into a debilitating chronic arthritis. In Mayotte, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean, a chikungunya outbreak was reported in 2006, affecting a third of the population. We aimed at assessing the chikungunya seroprevalence in this population, after over a decade from that epidemic. A multi-stage cross sectional household-based study exploring socio-demographic factors, and knowledge and attitude towards mosquito-borne disease prevention was carried out in 2019. Blood samples from participants aged 15\u201369 years were taken for chikungunya IgG serological testing. We analyzed associations between chikungunya serological status and selected factors using Poisson regression models, and estimated weighted and adjusted prevalence ratios (w\/a PR). The weighted seroprevalence of chikungunya was 34.75% (n = 2853). Seropositivity for IgG anti-chikungunya virus was found associated with living in Mamoudzou (w\/a PR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.21\u20131.83) and North (w\/a PR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.08\u20131.84) sectors, being born in the Comoros islands (w\/a PR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03\u20131.61), being a student or unpaid trainee (w\/a PR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.81), living in precarious housing (w\/a PR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.02\u20131.67), accessing water streams for bathing (w\/a PR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.1\u20132.7) and knowing that malaria is a mosquito-borne disease (w\/a PR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.21\u20131.83). Seropositivity was found inversely associated with high education level (w\/a PR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.29\u20130.86) and living in households with access to running water and toilets (w\/a PR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.51\u20130.80) (n = 1438). Our results indicate a long-lasting immunity from chikungunya exposure. However, the current population seroprevalence is not enough to protect from future outbreaks. Individuals na\u00efve to chikungunya and living in precarious socio-economic conditions are likely to be at high risk of infection in future outbreaks. To prevent and prepare for future chikungunya epidemics, it is essential to address socio-economic inequalities as a priority, and to strengthen chikungunya surveillance in Mayotte.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:34:22Z","timestamp":1684431262000},"page":"e0285879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long lasting anti-IgG chikungunya seropositivity in the Mayotte population will not be enough to prevent future outbreaks: A seroprevalence study, 2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-756X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Ortu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilda","family":"Grard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Parenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ruello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claire","family":"Paty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume Andr\u00e9","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"De Valk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Unono Wa Maore group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0285879.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization\u2014Chikungunya Key facts\u201415 September 2020 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chikungunya."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285879.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019-0035","article-title":"Chikungunya arthritis.","volume":"19","author":"H Pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.02.002","article-title":"The challenge of chronic chikungunya.","volume":"15","author":"E Javelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0285879.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207406","article-title":"Atypical and severe manifestations of chikungunya virus infection in French Guiana: A hospital-based study.","volume":"13","author":"T Bonifay","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285879.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249166","article-title":"Vertical transmission of chikungunya virus: A systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"FCPdADM Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285879.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-017-0010-0","article-title":"Broad and long-lasting immune protection against various Chikungunya genotypes demonstrated by participants in a cross-sectional study in a Cambodian rural community","volume":"7","author":"H Auerswald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1297","key":"pone.0285879.ref007","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus: An Emergent Arbovirus to the South American Continent and a Continuous Threat to the World.","volume":"11","author":"MS Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285879.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.727","article-title":"A major epidemic of chikungunya virus infection on Reunion Island, France, 2005\u20132006","volume":"77","author":"P Renault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285879.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1189","article-title":"Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection on Grande Comore Island, Union of the Comoros, 2005","volume":"76","author":"K Sergon","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285879.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.071024","article-title":"Chikungunya fever, Mauritius, 2006","volume":"14","author":"S Beesoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0285879.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071521","article-title":"Outbreak of dengue and Chikungunya fevers, Toamasina, Madagascar, 2006","volume":"14","author":"M Ratsitorahina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0285879.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.02.018","article-title":"Outbreak of Chikungunya fever in Mayotte, Comoros archipelago, 2005\u20132006","volume":"102","author":"D Sissoko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285879.ref013","first-page":"130","article-title":"SEGA: le r\u00e9seau de surveillance des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et de gestion des alertes de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien.","author":"LR Solet JL","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Epid\u00e9miol Hebd"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285879.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0837-6","article-title":"Major decrease in malaria transmission on Mayotte Island","volume":"14","author":"O Maillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref015","unstructured":"Cire Oc\u00e9an Indien. Le risque arboviroses \u00e0 la R\u00e9union et Mayotte Situation \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique et conduite \u00e0 tenir. 2016."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref016","unstructured":"Cire Oc\u00e9an Indien. Chikungunya \u00e0 la R\u00e9union. Contexte et surveillance \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique 2010."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref017","unstructured":"Cire Oc\u00e9an Indien. Chikungunya: active dans le sud-ouest oc\u00e9an Indien. 2011."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref018","unstructured":"Institute National de la Stastiques et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques\u2014In Mayotte, nearly one in two inhabitants has foreign nationality. 2019 [28\/09\/2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/en\/statistiques\/4227071#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20256%2C500%20people%20live,people%20per%20year%20on%20average)."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref019","unstructured":"INSEE\u2014\u00c0 Mayotte, pr\u00e8s d\u2019un habitant sur deux est de nationalit\u00e9 \u00e9trang\u00e8re 2019 [20 Dec 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3713016."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref020","unstructured":"Insee\u2014Service r\u00e9gional de Mayotte\u2014Synth\u00e8se d\u00e9mographique, sociale et \u00e9conomique\u2014Ao\u00fbt 2020. 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285879.ref021","first-page":"237","article-title":"[Migration, health and access to care in Mayotte Island in 2007: lessons learned from a representative survey].","volume":"58","author":"S Florence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref022","unstructured":"INSEE\u2014Quatre logements sur dix sont en t\u00f4le en 2017- \u00c9volution des conditions de logement \u00e0 Mayotte [20 Dec 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/4202864#titre-bloc-3."},{"key":"pone.0285879.ref023","unstructured":"INSEE\u2014Les villages de Mayotte en 2017\u2014Des conditions de vie in\u00e9gales entre villages [20 Dec 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/4223807."},{"article-title":"The 2019 Health Barometer in the general population of Mayotte, \"Unono Wa Maore\" health survey\u2014manuscript in preparation.","year":"2021","author":"MF Ruello Marc","key":"pone.0285879.ref024"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0285879.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007747","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007747","article-title":"High specificity and sensitivity of Zika EDIII-based ELISA diagnosis highlighted by a large human reference panel.","volume":"13","author":"J Denis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285879.ref026","first-page":"69","article-title":"Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research.","volume":"24","author":"MM Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"article-title":"StataCorp \"Is there a way in Stata to do stepwise regression with svy: logit or any of the svy commands?\"","year":"2022","author":"W. 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