{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:01:37Z","timestamp":1789639297369,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002066","name":"GlaxoSmithKline foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID 207051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID 207051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease associated with serious complications and high costs. The aim was to describe the clinical characteristics and health care resource utilization of a Colombian systemic lupus erythematosus outpatient cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a retrospective descriptive study. Clinical records and claims data for systemic lupus erythematosus patients from ten specialized care centers in Colombia were reviewed for up to 12 months. Baseline clinical variables, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, drug use, and direct costs were measured. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 413 patients were included; 361 (87.4%) were female, and the mean age was 42 \u00b1 14 years. The mean disease evolution was 8.9 \u00b1 6.0 years; 174 patients (42.1%) had a systemic manifestation at baseline, mostly lupus nephritis (105; 25.4%). A total of 334 patients (80.9%) had at least one comorbidity, mainly antiphospholipid syndrome (90; 21.8%) and hypertension (76; 18.4%). The baseline Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score was 0 in 215 patients (52.0%), 1\u20135 in 154 (37.3%), 6\u201310 in 41 (9.9%) and 11+ in 3 (0.7%). All patients received pharmacological therapy, and the most common treatment was corticosteroids (293; 70.9%), followed by antimalarials (chloroquine 52.5%, hydroxychloroquine 31.0%), immunosuppressants (azathioprine 45.3%, methotrexate 21.5%, mycophenolate mofetil 20.1%, cyclosporine 8.0%, cyclophosphamide 6.8%, leflunomide 4.8%) and biologicals (10.9%). The mean annual costs were USD1954 per patient\/year, USD1555 for antirheumatic drugs (USD10,487 for those with biologicals), USD86 for medical visits, USD235 for drug infusions and USD199 for laboratory tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus generates an important economic and morbidity burden for the Colombian health system. Systemic lupus erythematosus outpatient attention costs in the observation year were mainly determined by drug therapy (especially biologics), medical visits and laboratory tests. New studies addressing the rate of exacerbations, long-term follow-up or costs related to hospital care are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:42:52Z","timestamp":1684431772000},"page":"e0285889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical characterization of a cohort of patients treated for systemic lupus erythematosus in Colombia: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-0936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"Machado-Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel E.","family":"Machado-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-7658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andres","family":"Gaviria-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Duarte-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-0635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"pone.0285889.ref001","first-page":"i3","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis and management","volume":"56","author":"B Thong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285889.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.01229","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: an update","volume":"206","author":"V Golder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285889.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.10.007","article-title":"Understanding the epidemiology and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"GJ Pons-Estel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0285889.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319864168","article-title":"Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Colombia: data from the national health registry 2012\u20132016","volume":"28","author":"DG Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1vila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0285889.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319878498","article-title":"Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Colombia: data from the National Health Registry 2012\u20132016","volume":"28","author":"I Haase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0285889.ref006","first-page":"23","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review of the Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Update on Current Targeted Therapies","volume":"99","author":"JS Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0285889.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.04.011","article-title":"International and multidisciplinary expert recommendations for the use of biologics in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"JF Kleinmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17690474","article-title":"Belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): evidence-to-date and clinical usefulness","volume":"9","author":"S Guerreiro Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285889.ref009","first-page":"281","article-title":"SER consensus statement on the use of biologic therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"J Calvo-Alen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.01.018","article-title":"Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: Where are we?","volume":"74","author":"R R\u00edos-Garc\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285889.ref011","first-page":"27","article-title":"Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, factores psicol\u00f3gicos y fisiopatol\u00f3gicos en pacientes con diagn\u00f3stico de","volume":"28","author":"K Ariza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus Eritematoso Sist\u00e9mico-LES. Terapia psicol\u00f3gica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285889.ref012","first-page":"183","article-title":"Estimaci\u00f3n de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y medidas de utilidad en una poblaci\u00f3n de pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sist\u00e9mico","volume":"20","author":"CJV Franco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Reumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285889.ref013","first-page":"211","article-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n de la actividad, del da\u00f1o cr\u00f3nico y alteraci\u00f3n de la calidad de vida en una cohorte de pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sist\u00e9mico por medio de SELENA-SLEDAI, BILAG 2004, SLICC\/ACR y SF-36","volume":"20","author":"JE Medina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Reumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0285889.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319856093","article-title":"Direct cost of lupus care in the developing world: the case of Colombia","volume":"28","author":"S Prada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref015","first-page":"245","article-title":"Prevalencia de la enfermedad reum\u00e1tica en Colombia, seg\u00fan estrategia COPCORD-Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana de Reumatolog\u00eda. Estudio de prevalencia de enfermedad reum\u00e1tica en poblaci\u00f3n colombiana mayor de 18 a\u00f1os","volume":"25","author":"J Londo\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Reumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref016","unstructured":"Decreto 2423 de 2006, actualizado a 2018. Por el cual se determina la nomenclatura y clasificaci\u00f3n de los procedimientos m\u00e9dicos, quir\u00fargicos y hospitalarios del Manual Tarifario y se dictan otras disposiciones. Bogot\u00e1, Colombia (2018). [Access: 1 June 2022]. www.minsalud.gov.co\/sites\/rid\/Lists\/BibliotecaDigital\/RIDE\/DE\/DIJ\/decreto-2423-de-1996.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400320","article-title":"On academics: OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health","volume":"124","author":"KM Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public health reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285889.ref018","first-page":"289","article-title":"Sample size estimation in epidemiologic studies","volume":"2","author":"K. Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref019","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud. Resoluci\u00f3n 8430 de 1993. Bogot\u00e1 D.C. Colombia."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0285889.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13363","article-title":"Disease severity and economic burden in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective, observational study","volume":"21","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0285889.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317698594","article-title":"Burden of illness in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a UK patient and carer online survey","volume":"26","author":"T Kent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0285889.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4161-8","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus, gender differences in Colombian patients","volume":"37","author":"Y Santamaria-Alza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0285889.ref023","first-page":"183","article-title":"Ciento quince pacientes con lupus eritematoso sist\u00e9mico: caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas e inmunol\u00f3gicas","volume":"21","author":"DM Severiche Maury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Reumatol"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102348","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in Native sub-Saharan Africans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"M Essouma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0285889.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1529566","article-title":"Factors affecting quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: important considerations and potential interventions","volume":"14","author":"C Elera-Fitzcarrald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0285889.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1538789","article-title":"Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: causes, predictors and interventions","volume":"14","author":"V Ocampo-Piraquive","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285889.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070367","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics","volume":"67","author":"G Bertsias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285889.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex286","article-title":"The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults","volume":"57","author":"C Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313517407","article-title":"The cost of care of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the UK: annual direct costs for adult SLE patients with active autoantibody-positive disease","volume":"23","author":"MA Khamashta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref030","first-page":"808391","article-title":"Healthcare utilization and costs of systemic lupus erythematosus in Medicaid","volume":"2013","author":"HJ Kan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0285889.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2019.1567534","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"MM Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285889.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000437","article-title":"Comorbid Conditions are Associated With Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Medical Charges of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"GM Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13387","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine therapy with or without corticosteroid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"I Miyagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0285889.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1101448","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: review of synthetic drugs","volume":"16","author":"Bultink IE Tsang ASMW","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313519159","article-title":"Methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of its efficacy","volume":"23","author":"R Sakthiswary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0285889.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.01.016","article-title":"Longitudinal Treatment Patterns and Associated Outcomes in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"38","author":"H Kan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"pone.0285889.ref037","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud y Protecci\u00f3n Social. Resoluci\u00f3n N\u00famero 006411 de 2016, Valor de la Unidad de Pago por Capitaci\u00f3n (UPC) vigencia de 2017 (2016). [Access 01 Sep 2021]. https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/Normatividad_Nuevo\/Resoluci%C3%B3n%206411%20de%202016.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0285889.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20533","article-title":"Cost\u2010of\u2010illness studies in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"TY Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0285889.ref039","first-page":"1500","article-title":"An international perspective on the well being and health care costs for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tri-Nation Study Group","volume":"26","author":"AE Clarke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0285889.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202443","article-title":"Annual direct medical cost of active systemic lupus erythematosus in five European countries","volume":"73","author":"A Doria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0285889.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4147-5","article-title":"All-cause hospitalizations in systemic lupus erythematosus from a single medical center in Israel","volume":"38","author":"O Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:43:37Z","timestamp":1684431817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285889"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nasser Hadal","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}}}