{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:28:39Z","timestamp":1785320919489,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NWU Nadeshiko Fundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in a global lockdown in 2020. This stagnation in human activities (\u2018anthropause\u2019) has been reported to affect the behaviour of wildlife in various ways. The sika deer <jats:italic>Cervus nippon<\/jats:italic> in Nara Park, central Japan, has had a unique relationship with humans, especially tourists, in which the deer bow to receive food and sometimes attack if they do not receive it. We investigated how a decrease and subsequent increase in the number of tourists visiting Nara Park affects the number of deer observed in the park and their behaviour (bows and attacks against humans). Compared with the pre-pandemic years, the number of deer in the study site decreased from an average of 167 deer in 2019 to 65 (39%) in 2020 during the pandemic period. Likewise, the number of deer bows decreased from 10.2 per deer in 2016\u20132017 to 6.4 (62%) in 2020\u20132021, whereas the proportion of deer showing aggressive behaviour did not change significantly. Moreover, the monthly numbers of deer and their bows both corresponded with the fluctuation in the number of tourists during the pandemic period of 2020 and 2021, whereas the number of attacks did not. Thus, the anthropause caused by the coronavirus altered the habitat use and behaviour of deer that have continuous interactions with humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T18:11:58Z","timestamp":1684260718000},"page":"e0285893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impacts of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on wildlife behaviour via human activities"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9977-9509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haruka","family":"Uehara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wakana","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirow","family":"Tatsuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi Y.","family":"Ida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Yusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0285893.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044","article-title":"COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities","volume":"508","author":"M Lotfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1142","key":"pone.0285893.ref002","first-page":"753","article-title":"Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).","volume":"96","author":"S Umakanthan","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J. 2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0285893.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020202","article-title":"COVID-19: A review on the novel coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and prevention.","volume":"13","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.809244","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines, and host immunity","volume":"12","author":"P Mistry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref005","unstructured":"Worldometer: Pandemic, COVID-19 coronavirus. [cited 2022 December 19]. 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researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife","volume":"4","author":"C Rutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.108953","article-title":"iNaturalist insights illuminate COVID-19 effects on large mammals in urban centers","volume":"254","author":"R Vardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2022.105733","article-title":"Recovery of ghost crabs metapopulations on urban beaches during the Covid-19 \u201canthropause\u201d.","volume":"180","author":"LL Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar Environ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0285893.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9657","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9657","article-title":"The effect of decreasing human activity from COVID-19 on the foraging of fallen fruit by omnivores.","volume":"12","author":"S Osugi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0285893.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021460117","article-title":"Biodiversity conservation during a global crisis: consequences and the way forward","volume":"117","author":"A Bang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108665","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a \u201cGlobal Human Confinement Experiment\u201d to investigate biodiversity conservation.","volume":"248","author":"AE Bates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1430","article-title":"COVID-19 recovery can benefit biodiversity","volume":"368","author":"RM Pearson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd5777","article-title":"Singing in a silent spring: Birds respond to a half-century soundscape reversion during the COVID-19 shutdown","volume":"370","author":"EP Derryberry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108728","article-title":"The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: Insights from the first European locked down country","volume":"249","author":"R Manenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"39","key":"pone.0285893.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf5073","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf5073","article-title":"Reduced human activity during COVID-19 alters avian land use across North America.","volume":"7","author":"MB 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shift the foraging strategies of feral pigeons (Columba livia) and three other commensal bird species.","volume":"253","author":"MCK Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref023","first-page":"11","article-title":"Spatial distribution pattern of sika deer in Kasugayama Primeval Forest.","volume":"22","author":"Y Yamanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull Nara Univ Edu"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-015-0451-7","article-title":"Variation and social influence of bowing behavior by sika deer (Cervus nippon).","volume":"34","author":"S Akita","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ethol"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref025","unstructured":"Nara City Government: Nara City Tourism Visitor Count Survey Report. 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Sika deer.","author":"H Torii","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"TTY Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0285893.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T18:12:30Z","timestamp":1684260750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285893"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hani Amir","family":"Aouissi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]}}}