{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:47:17Z","timestamp":1790768837000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (https:\/\/www.jsps.go.jp\/english\/egrants\/).","award":["no. 21K07510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 21K07510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior studies have reported that childhood victimization experiences substantially augment the risk of depression and suicide in adulthood. Several of our previous studies suggested that childhood experiences of victimization interact with the quality of parenting experienced in childhood, childhood experiences of abuse, neuroticism, and other factors to influence depressive symptoms in adulthood. In this study, it was hypothesized that \u201cchildhood victimization\u201d worsens \u201ctrait anxiety\u201d and \u201cdepressive rumination\u201d, and that \u201ctrait anxiety\u201d and \u201cdepressive rumination\u201d are mediators that worsen \u201cdepressive symptoms in adulthood\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The following self-administered questionnaires were completed by 576 adult volunteers: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Childhood Victimization Rating Scale. Statistical analyses were performed by Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, t-test, multiple regression analysis, path analysis, and covariance structure analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Path analysis demonstrated that the direct effect was statistically significant for the paths from childhood victimization to trait anxiety, depressive rumination, and depressive symptom severity. Moreover, the indirect effect of childhood victimization on depressive rumination mediated by trait anxiety was statistically significant. The indirect effects of childhood victimization on depressive symptom severity mediated by trait anxiety and depressive rumination were statistically significant. Furthermore, the indirect effect of childhood victimization on depressive symptom severity mediated by both trait anxiety and depressive rumination was statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that childhood victimization directly and adversely influenced each of the above factors, and indirectly worsened adulthood depressive symptoms with trait anxiety and depressive ruminations as mediating factors. The present study is the first to clarify these mediation effects. Therefore, the results of this study suggest the importance of preventing childhood victimization and the importance of identifying and addressing childhood victimization in patients with clinical depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T14:14:19Z","timestamp":1684851259000},"page":"e0286126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Depressive rumination and trait anxiety mediate the effects of childhood victimization on adulthood depressive symptoms in adult volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1220-9592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiro","family":"Masuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8480-9303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Higashiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Deguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9382-3513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mina","family":"Honyashiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0286126.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2469","article-title":"Peer victimisation during adolescence and its impact on depression in early adulthood: prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom","volume":"350","author":"L Bowes","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0286126.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00165-0","article-title":"Adult mental health consequences of peer bullying and maltreatment in childhood: two cohorts in two countries","volume":"2","author":"ST Lereya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0286126.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617741381","article-title":"Adolescent Victimization and Early-Adult Psychopathology: Approaching Causal Inference Using a Longitudinal Twin Study to Rule Out Noncausal Explanations.","volume":"6","author":"JD Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0286126.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12841","article-title":"Annual Research Review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice","volume":"59","author":"L. 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