{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T12:22:24Z","timestamp":1793881344257,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00AG062749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00AG062749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99AG066846-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99AG066846-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG075719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG075719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG075719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG075719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00AG066846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00AG066846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["ERC-2021-CoG-101002587 (MORTAL)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2021-CoG-101002587 (MORTAL)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Poor immune function is associated with increased risk for a number of age-related diseases, however, little is known about the impact of early life trauma on immune function in late-life.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 5,823), we examined the association between experiencing parental\/caregiver death or separation before age 16 and four indicators of immune function in late-life: C-reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (sTNFR), and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to cytomegalovirus (CMV). We also examined racial\/ethnic differences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Individuals that identified as racial\/ethnic minorities were more likely to experience parental\/caregiver loss and parental separation in early life compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, and had poorer immune function in late-life. We found consistent associations between experiencing parental\/caregiver loss and separation and poor immune function measured by CMV IgG levels and IL-6 across all racial\/ethnic subgroups. For example, among Non-Hispanic Blacks, those that experienced parental\/caregiver death before age 16 had a 26% increase in CMV IgG antibodies in late-life (\u03b2 = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.34) compared to a 3% increase in CMV antibodies among Non-Hispanic Whites (\u03b2 = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.07) controlling for age, gender, and parental education.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results suggest a durable association between experiencing early life trauma and immune health in late-life, and that structural forces may shape the ways in which these relationships unfold over the life course.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T21:43:54Z","timestamp":1687383834000},"page":"e0286141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biological expressions of early life trauma in the immune system of older adults"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2040-960X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grace A.","family":"Noppert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Duchowny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Stebbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison E.","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0286141.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0286141.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American journal of preventive medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0286141.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdu065","article-title":"Measuring mortality and the burden of adult disease associated with adverse childhood experiences in England: a national survey","volume":"37","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286141.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.198","article-title":". 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