{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:09Z","timestamp":1787022129685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Fund for Yangzhou Key Laboratory Cultivation","award":["YZ20211148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ20211148"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82001170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    General anesthetics can cause neurological damage and long-term behavioral\/cognitive impairment during fetal and early postnatal life. However, the adverse influence on embryo development induced by propofol is unclear. We used embryonic zebrafish to explore the effects of propofol on embryonic and larval growth and development, and the related apoptotic mechanism. Zebrafish embryos were immersed in propofol (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 \u03bcg\/ml) dissolved in E3 medium from 6 to 48 hours post fertilization (hpf). The survival rate, locomotion, heart rate, hatchability, deformity rate, and body length were analyzed at defined stages. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end-labeling was used to detect zebrafish embryo apoptosis, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and whole-mount\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization. Larvae at 48 hpf were anesthetized by immersion in E3 culture medium containing 2 \u03bcg\/ml propofol, the reasonable anesthetic concentration for zebrafish embryos, which caused significant caudal fin dysplasia, light pigmentation, edema, hemorrhage, and spinal deformity, and decreased the hatchability, body length, and heart rate. The numbers of apoptotic cells in propofol-treated 12, 48 and 72 hpf embryos increased significantly, and the mRNA expression levels of intrinsic apoptosis pathway-related\n                    <jats:italic>casp3a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>casp3b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>casp9<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>baxb<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were upregulated, mainly in the head and tail. Propofol decreased apoptosis in the head and back of 24 hpf zebrafish, which was consistent with the mRNA expression analysis. Our findings demonstrated that zebrafish embryos and larvae exposed to propofol experienced developmental toxicity, which correlated with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway with\n                    <jats:italic>casp3a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>casp3b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>casp9<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>baxb<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the key genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T13:32:29Z","timestamp":1685453549000},"page":"e0286391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Apoptotic mechanism of propofol-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yali","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxia","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianfeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-7209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yinggang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0286391.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i72","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer343","article-title":"Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy","volume":"1071","author":"E Reitman","year":"2011","journal-title":"British journal of anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286391.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.08.107","article-title":"Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery","volume":"218","author":"OA Olutoye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0286391.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P427","article-title":"Prolonged propofol use in a critically ill pregnant patient","volume":"44","author":"SK Tajchman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286391.ref004","first-page":"39","article-title":"[Physiological changes during pregnancy relevant to anesthesia]","volume":"36","author":"K. 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