{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:31:56Z","timestamp":1776112316427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Anaemia among women has been reported to be a significant contributor to hemorrhage, exacerbated risk of stillbirths, miscarriages, and maternal mortalities. Hence, understanding the factors associated with anaemia is imperative to develop preventive strategies. We examined the association between history of hormonal contraceptive use and risk of anaemia among women in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We analyzed data from the recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of sixteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Countries with recent DHSs conducted from 2015 to 2020 were included in the study. A total of 88,474 women of reproductive age were included. We used percentages to summarize the prevalence of hormonal contraceptives and anaemia among women of reproductive age. We used multilevel binary logistic regression analysis to examine the association between hormonal contraceptives and anaemia. We presented the results using crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), with their respective 95 percent confidence intervals (95% CIs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On the average, 16.2% of women are using hormonal contraceptives and this ranged from 7.2% in Burundi to 37.7% in Zimbabwe. The pooled prevalence of anaemia was 41%, ranging from 13.5% in Rwanda to 58.0% in Benin. Women who used hormonal contraceptives were less likely to be anaemic compared to those who were not using hormonal contraceptives (aOR = 0.56; 95%CI = 0.53, 0.59). At the country-level, hormonal contraceptive use was associated with a reduced likelihood of anaemia in 14 countries, except for Cameroon and Guinea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study underscores the importance of promoting the use of hormonal contraceptives in communities and regions that have a high burden of anaemia among women. Specifically, health promotion interventions aimed at promoting the use of hormonal contraceptives among women must be tailored to meet the needs of adolescents, multiparous women, those in the poorest wealth index, and women in union as these sub-populations were at significantly higher risk of anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T17:31:48Z","timestamp":1686763908000},"page":"e0286392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationship between history of hormonal contraceptive use and anaemia status among women in sub-Saharan Africa: A large population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Richard Gyan","family":"Aboagye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Okyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Aziz","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bright Opoku","family":"Ahinkorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Budu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6003-139X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanni","family":"Yaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286392.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The missing link between legal age of sexual consent and age of marriage in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for sexual and reproductive health and rights","volume":"18","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"pone.0286392.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use and reported side effects of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use in powerlifting and rugby","volume":"14","author":"D Nolan","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Physician and Sports medicine"},{"key":"pone.0286392.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Contraception: contraceptive methods. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/contraception#tab=tab_3. Accessed: September 6, 2022."},{"key":"pone.0286392.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351200271-4","volume-title":"The Exercising Female","author":"KJ Elliott-Sale","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0286392.ref005","unstructured":"United Nations. Contraceptive use by method 2019: data booklet. UN-iLibrary, United Nations; December 2019. https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210046527. 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Accessed: September 6, 2022. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/combinedestrogen-progestin-contraception-side-effects-and-health-concerns."},{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0286392.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0286392.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Anemia. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/anaemia#tab=tab_1. 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