{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:18:45Z","timestamp":1747196325208,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A previously described heterophil degranulation assay was adapted for use with ileal mucosal tissue via quantification of \u03b2-<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>-glucuronidase and assay end product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Three initial experiments evaluated the effect of<jats:italic>in ovo<\/jats:italic>inoculations of<jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>(CF) or mixed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on ileal granulocyte degranulation. Inoculations were administered on embryonic d18, body weights (BW) were recorded on day of hatch (DOH) and d10 to calculate body weight gain (BWG), and ileal mucosal scrapings were collected on DOH or d10 for the 4-MU assay. In all experiments, treatments were statistically analyzed relative to control groups. Treatments minimally affected BWG in all<jats:italic>in ovo<\/jats:italic>experiments (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) relative to respective control groups. Similarly, ileal degranulation in<jats:italic>in ovo<\/jats:italic>treatments did not statistically differ (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05). Based on BWG,<jats:italic>in ovo<\/jats:italic>treatments may have induced low-level inflammation unable to elicit detectable changes via the 4-MU assay. Four subsequent experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of<jats:italic>Eimeria maxima<\/jats:italic>(EM) on ileal degranulation. Treatments included non-inoculated controls and low, medium, or high EM infection. Across all four experiments, final BW or BWG over the inoculation period were suppressed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in EM groups relative to respective controls with the exception of EM-low (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.094) and EM-medium (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.096) in one trial. Ileal mucosal scrapings for the 4-MU assay were collected on day of peak lesions. Resulting values were reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) for EM treated birds in three experiments with the exception of EM-medium (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.247). No differences were observed in one experiment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.351), which may have been attributed to a variation in strain of infecting<jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>. Although refinement for low level inflammation is warranted, results indicate successful adaptation of the 4-MU assay for use with intestinal tissue during significant gastrointestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:49:06Z","timestamp":1690480146000},"page":"e0286532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adapted tissue assay for the assessment of ileal granulocyte degranulation following in ovo inoculation with select bacteria or coccidial challenge in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-2915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Audrey 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