{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:01:54Z","timestamp":1791511314264,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1084611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1084611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the corresponding lockdown have drastically changed our lives and led to high psychological distress and mental health problems. This study examined whether psychological factors such as loneliness, perfectionism, and health anxiety are associated with COVID-19 related anxiety and depression during the pandemic in young Korean adults, after controlling for various socio-demographic factors and early life stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 189 participants (58.2% women) completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 3-item Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Whiteley Index-6. Hierarchical linear regression analyses with three blocks were employed to identify the factors that contributed to COVID-19 related anxiety and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hierarchical regression analyses showed that higher health anxiety was significantly associated with more severe COVID-19 related anxiety (standardized regression coefficient, \u03b2 = 0.599,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Additionally, higher levels of loneliness (\u03b2 = 0.482,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), perfectionism (\u03b2 = 0.124,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.035), and health anxiety (\u03b2 = 0.228,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with higher depression scores. The three psychological factors explained 32.8% of the total variance in depressive symptom scores, after taking all covariates into account.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that health anxiety was a risk factor for both COVID-19 related anxiety and depression in young adults. Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the importance of identifying vulnerable individuals and encouraging psychological counselling and social connections to reduce the burden of psychiatric disorders during the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T18:20:07Z","timestamp":1685730007000},"page":"e0286636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Psychological factors associated with COVID-19 related anxiety and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ye Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Ho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-9557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sumoa","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-7183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jee In","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0286636.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016632118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016632118","article-title":"Lifestyle and mental health disruptions during COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"O Giuntella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10312","key":"pone.0286636.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"DF Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113382","article-title":"Prevalence of psychological morbidities among general population, healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"293","author":"Y Krishnamoorthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113172","article-title":"Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health.","volume":"290","author":"CH Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113660","article-title":"An overview of current mental health in the general population of Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the COLLATE project.","volume":"296","author":"SL Rossell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113486","article-title":"Psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown: the young adults most at risk.","volume":"293","author":"F Glowacz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0286636.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8","article-title":"Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms.","volume":"40","author":"LC Hawkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref008","author":"EH Erikson","journal-title":"Childhood and Society1963"},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113117","article-title":"Loneliness: a signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19.","volume":"290","author":"WDS Killgore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0286636.ref010","unstructured":"Cigna International. 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