{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:54:03Z","timestamp":1793843643838,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009647","name":"University Grants Commission- Nepal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRS-78-79-HS-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRS-78-79-HS-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and also among Nepalese women. Breast self-examination is an important, cheap, and easy method for early diagnosis of breast cancer which can be cured in the majority of cases if diagnosed in the early stages. In developing countries like Nepal where the awareness regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination is poor, breast cancers are diagnosed at late stages resulting in a poor prognosis of the disease. The study assessed knowledge, practice, and factors associated with breast self-examination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 262 women in the Butwal sub-metropolitan adopting multi-stage sampling. A pre-tested structured interview schedule and an observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data was entered in EPI-data and necessary univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were done in SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study found that more than half of the participants (55.3%) had poor knowledge of BSE. Only one-fourth (27.1%) of them were practicing BSE and among them, most of them (93.0%) had poor practice. The factors such as ethnicity from Brahmin\/Chhetri [AOR = 2.099, 95% CI (1.106\u20133.981)], use of contraceptive devices [AOR = 9.487, 95% CI (2.166\u201341.558)], personal history of breast lump [AOR = 12.502, 95% CI (1.639\u201395.387)], family history of breast cancer [AOR = 5.729, 95% CI (1.337\u201397.512)], and knowledge of BSE [AOR = 4.407, 95% CI = 2.160\u201334.650)] were significant determinants of BSE practice among 20\u201349 years women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study concluded that most of the women had poor knowledge and practice of breast self-examination. The study also indicated the influence of ethnicity, contraceptives, personal and family history of cancer\/early warning signs, and knowledge for practicing breast self-examination. There is an immediate need to increase the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination to prevent and detect breast cancer in its early stage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T17:32:24Z","timestamp":1685727144000},"page":"e0286676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Breast self-examination: Knowledge, practice and associated factors among 20 to 49 years aged women in Butwal sub-metropolitan, Rupandehi, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-9822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manisha","family":"B. 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Baloushah","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Scientific World Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286676.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Past, present and future of breast cancer in Nepal: A review","volume":"7","author":"B Ojha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0286676.ref004","first-page":"325","article-title":"Breast Cancer in Nepal: Current status and future directions","volume":"8","author":"M Giri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286676.ref005","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0286676.ref006","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0286676.ref007","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA: a cancer journal for clinicians"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0286676.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20192547","article-title":"Current status of breast cancer in Nepal","volume":"7","author":"M Giri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286676.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1491-8","article-title":"Barriers to breast self-examination practice among Malaysian female students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"M 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Basegio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mastology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0286676.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0226925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226925","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among reproductive age women in Akatsi South district of Volta region of Ghana","volume":"14","author":"R Dadzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0286676.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3126\/jmmihs.v4i1.21149","article-title":"Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among women of reproductive age in Butwal Sub Metropolitan City","volume":"4","author":"S Marahatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0286676.ref015","first-page":"90","article-title":"Status of breast self-examination performance among women referring to health centers of Tabriz, 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